{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T02:30:12Z","timestamp":1788489012356,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.24818.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.24818.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000}}],"reference-count":51,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p><ns3:bold>Background: <\/ns3:bold><ns3:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa <\/ns3:italic>is a pathogenic bacterium, causing nosocomial infections with \u00a0intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms to a large group of antibiotics, including \u03b2-lactams. This study aimed to determine the susceptibility pattern to selected antibiotics and to index the first reported \u03b2-lactamases genes frequency in <ns3:italic>Ps. aeruginosa <\/ns3:italic>in Khartoum State, Sudan.<\/ns3:p><ns3:p> <ns3:bold>Methods: <\/ns3:bold>121 <ns3:italic>Ps. aeruginosa <\/ns3:italic>clinical isolates from various clinical specimens were used in this cross sectional study conducted in Khartoum State. Eighty isolates were confirmed as <ns3:italic>Ps.<\/ns3:italic> <ns3:italic>aeruginosa <\/ns3:italic>through conventional identification methods and species specific primers. The susceptibility pattern of the confirmed isolates to selected antibiotics was done following the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Multiplex PCR was used for detection of seven \u03b2-lactamase genes (<ns3:italic>blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTXM-1, blaVEB, blaOXA-1, blaAmpC and blaDHA<\/ns3:italic>).<\/ns3:p><ns3:p> <ns3:bold>Results: <\/ns3:bold>Of the 80 confirmed <ns3:italic>Ps. aeruginosa <\/ns3:italic>isolates, 8 (10%) were resistant to Imipenem while all isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin and Amoxyclav (100%). A total of 43 (54%) <ns3:italic>Ps. aeruginosa <\/ns3:italic>isolates were positive for <ns3:italic>blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTXM-1, blaVEB and blaOXA-1<\/ns3:italic> genes, while 27 (34%) were positive for class C \u03b2- Lactamases, and 20 (25%) were positive for both classes. Frequency of beta-lactamases genes was as follows: blaTEM, 19 (44.2%); blaSHV, 16 (37.2%); bla CTX-M1, 10 (23.3%); blaVEB, 14 (32.6%); blaOXA-1, 7 (16.3%). blaAmpC 22 (81.5%) and bla DHA 8 (29.6%). \u00a0In total, 3 (11.1%) isolates were positive for both bla AmpC and blaDHA genes.<\/ns3:p><ns3:p> <ns3:bold>Conclusion: <\/ns3:bold><ns3:italic>Ps. aeruginosa <\/ns3:italic>isolates showed a high rate of \u03b2- lactamases production, with co-resistance to other antibiotic classes. The lowest resistance rate of <ns3:italic>Ps. aeruginosa <\/ns3:italic>was to Imipenem followed by Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin. No statistically significant relationship between production of \u03b2-lactamases in <ns3:italic>Ps. aeruginosa <\/ns3:italic>and resistance to third generation cephalosporins was found.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.24818.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T14:45:33Z","timestamp":1617288333000},"page":"774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["\u03b2-lactamases (bla TEM, bla SHV, bla CTXM-1, bla VEB, bla OXA-1) and class C \u03b2-lactamases gene frequency in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from various clinical specimens in Khartoum State, Sudan: a cross sectional study"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3056-1004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina 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F.","family":"Hamedelnil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2635-9383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisham N.","family":"Altayb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","article-title":"Study guide for Bailey & Scott\u2019s diagnostic microbiology","author":"B Forbes","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866-71","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq048","article-title":"Detection and characterization of class A extended-spectrum-\u03b2-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in Belgian hospitals.","volume":"65","author":"Y Glupczynski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Antimicrob 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status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.29444.r71387, Nobumichi Kobayashi, Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan, 22 Sep 2020, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-774\/v2#referee-response-71387","order":0,"name":"referee-response-71387","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.29444.r74648, Muhammad Qasim, Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan, 14 Dec 2020, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-774\/v2#referee-response-74648","order":1,"name":"referee-response-74648","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Dina Naser<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 19 Dec 2020<\/i>; Thank you for these comments, minor changes have been done following the reviewer\u2019s comments. Changes include specifying the final included sample size, addition of results percentages to the tables with minor edits in the figures titles and in the abstract the Beta-lactamases genes naming changed according to the title.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-774\/v3#referee-comment-6216","order":2,"name":"referee-comment-6216","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}