{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:18:30Z","timestamp":1790702310001,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.24854.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611878400000}}],"reference-count":44,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    \u00a0\n                    <ns4:italic>Candida<\/ns4:italic>\n                    \u00a0species are one of the most important opportunistic fungal pathogens that cause both superficial and systemic infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Considering the sharp increase in the rate of\u00a0\n                    <ns4:italic>Candida<\/ns4:italic>\n                    \u00a0infections, and resistance to commonly used antifungal agents in the last decades; this study was conducted to determine the rate of resistance among clinical isolates of\u00a0\n                    <ns4:italic>Candida<\/ns4:italic>\n                    \u00a0species, and to characterize some of the resistant genes among resistant isolates collected in Khartoum.\u00a0\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    \u00a0This is a cross-sectional laboratory-based study included 100 pre-screened\u00a0\n                    <ns4:italic>Candida<\/ns4:italic>\n                    \u00a0species isolates from Khartoum state hospitals. Chromogenic media was used for\u00a0\n                    <ns4:italic>Candida<\/ns4:italic>\n                    \u00a0isolation and\/or identification. The standard disc diffusion method was performed to investigate the susceptibility to fluconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin. Following genomic DNA extraction, the entire\u00a0\n                    <ns4:italic>ERG11<\/ns4:italic>\n                    \u00a0gene was amplified from some\n                    <ns4:italic>C. albicans<\/ns4:italic>\n                    resistant isolates, sequenced, and further analyzed.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    \u00a0Out of 100 clinical isolates collected, 51% were\u00a0\n                    <ns4:italic>C. albicans<\/ns4:italic>\n                    , followed by\u00a0\n                    <ns4:italic>C. glabrata<\/ns4:italic>\n                    \u00a0(31%),\u00a0\n                    <ns4:italic>C. krusie<\/ns4:italic>\n                    \u00a0(8%),\u00a0\n                    <ns4:italic>C. tropicals<\/ns4:italic>\n                    \u00a0(5%),\u00a0and\n                    <ns4:italic>C. dupliniens<\/ns4:italic>\n                    \u00a0(5%). Resistance rate was 23% for fluconazole, 4% for itraconazole, while there were no amphotericin resistant isolates detected.\n                    <ns4:italic>C. albicans<\/ns4:italic>\n                    \u00a0\n                    <ns4:italic>ERG11<\/ns4:italic>\n                    \u00a0gene sequence reveals 15 different mutations. Among these, three (D116E, E266D, and V488I) were missense mutations; however, these substitutions do not contribute to fluconazole resistance.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusion:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    \u00a0\n                    <ns4:italic>C<\/ns4:italic>\n                    <ns4:italic>. albicans<\/ns4:italic>\n                    was found to be the most common species. Resistance against fluconazole was observed most frequently; however, mutations in\n                    <ns4:italic>ERG11<\/ns4:italic>\n                    are unlikely to be the reason behind fluconazole resistance among these isolates.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.24854.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T09:05:12Z","timestamp":1611911112000},"page":"1050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Detection of antifungal drug-resistant and ERG11 gene mutations among clinical isolates of Candida species isolated from Khartoum, Sudan."],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5472-1151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Osman 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status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.27422.r70299, Rasoul Mohammadi, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, 07 Sep 2020, version 1, 1 approved, 1 not approved","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-1050\/v1#referee-response-70299","order":0,"name":"referee-response-70299","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Ahmed Kunna<\/b>; <i>Posted: 27 Jan 2021<\/i>; Dear Prof Rasoul Mohammadi; Thank you for comprehensively reviewing our paper and for your appreciated comments: Regarding the first comments; The primary objective of the study was to isolate the medically important Candida species, characterizing Candida at species level is beyond the scope of the study. The sensitivity and specificity of Chromogenic media in differentiating as well as isolating common species such as ( <i>C. albicans<\/i>, <i>C. glabrata<\/i>, <i> C. Krusie<\/i>, and <i>C. tropicals<\/i>) is well documented in the previous studies (see <i>Evaluation of chromogenic media and seminested PCR in the identification of Candida species<\/i> ), according to previous publication in Sudan; more than 90% of infections due to Candida species was caused by this species (see <i>Internal transcribed spacer for identification of yeast species isolated from cancer patients at the Isotope and Radiation Center, Khartoum, Sudan: A cross-sectional, case-control study<\/i>). On the other hand, culturing was the efficient and the easiest way to isolate the mixed isolates within the same sample. With respect to the second comments; Candiduria is considered one of the most controversial issues in patient management. As well as isolation of Candida from oral cavity since this species is a commensal microbe. During the course of sample collections (1 year), we have tried to overcome this problem by carefully selecting our isolates for eligibility since: All of isolates were derived from a patient with some risk factors such as <i>Diabetes<\/i> mellitus, hospitalised patient, and elderly patients. &nbsp; All isolates were recovered from patients with characteristic sign and symptoms for UTI, while the growth of bacteria was insufficient to prove bacterial infections. In most of the cases urine analysis as well as culture were repeated. &nbsp; &nbsp; The final decision of considering Candida as a sole causative agent was made by a physician, upon that recommendations sample were considered eligible.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-1050\/v2#referee-comment-6310","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-6310","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.27422.r73504, Raja Ahsan Aftab, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Taylor\u2019s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia, 11 Nov 2020, version 1, 1 approved, 1 not approved","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-1050\/v1#referee-response-73504","order":2,"name":"referee-response-73504","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Ahmed Kunna<\/b>; <i>Posted: 25 Jan 2021<\/i>; Dear Prof Raja Ahsan Aftab: Thank you for your valuable comments. In response to your 3 comments we have: Justified&nbsp;the reasons for&nbsp;selecting the 3 antifungals in the Introduction. &nbsp; We have added the percentage of resistant isolates in relation to gender in Result section, and the percentage of each site of isolations as crosstabulation in Table 1. &nbsp; We have comprehensively discussed the pattern of antifungal resistance especially in our region (Africa) in the Discussion section by adding 7 additional citations.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-1050\/v2#referee-comment-6300","order":3,"name":"referee-comment-6300","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.54119.r84350, Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan, 11 May 2021, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-1050\/v2#referee-response-84350","order":4,"name":"referee-response-84350","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":5,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}