{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:09:04Z","timestamp":1772168944108,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.27502.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617926400000}}],"reference-count":56,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17K15254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17K15254"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20K10285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K10285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16K11876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16K11876"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19K10473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K10473"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"\n Background:<\/ns3:bold>\n Oral microbiota has been linked to both health and diseases. Specifically, tongue-coating microbiota has been implicated in aspiration pneumonia and halitosis. Approaches altering one's oral microbiota have the potential to improve oral health and prevent diseases.\n <\/ns3:p>\n \n Methods:<\/ns3:bold>\n Here, we designed a study that allows simultaneous monitoring of the salivary and tongue microbiomes during an intervention on the oral microbiota. We applied this study design to evaluate the effect of single-day use of oral care tablets on the oral microbiome of 10 healthy individuals. Tablets with or without actinidin, a protease that reduces biofilm formation\n in vitro<\/ns3:italic>\n , were tested.\n <\/ns3:p>\n \n Results:<\/ns3:bold>\n Alpha diversity of the tongue microbiome was significantly lower than that of the salivary microbiome, using both the number of observed amplicon sequence variants (254 \u00b1 53 in saliva and 175 \u00b1 37 in tongue;\n P<\/ns3:italic>\n = 8.9e-7, Kruskal\u2013Wallis test) and Shannon index (6.0 \u00b1 0.4 in saliva and 5.4 \u00b1 0.3 in tongue;\n P<\/ns3:italic>\n = 2.0e-7, Kruskal\u2013Wallis test).\n Fusobacterium periodonticum<\/ns3:italic>\n ,\n Saccharibacteria sp. 352<\/ns3:italic>\n ,\n Streptococcus oralis<\/ns3:italic>\n subsp\n . dentisani<\/ns3:italic>\n ,\n Prevotella melaninogenica<\/ns3:italic>\n ,\n Granulicatella adiacens<\/ns3:italic>\n ,\n Campylobacter concisus<\/ns3:italic>\n , and\n Haemophilus parainfluenzae<\/ns3:italic>\n were the core operational taxonomic units (OTUs) common to both sites. The salivary and tongue microbiomes of one individual tended to be more similar to one another than to those of other individuals. The tablets did not affect the alpha or beta diversity of the oral microbiome, nor the abundance of specific bacterial species.\n <\/ns3:p>\n \n Conclusions:<\/ns3:bold>\n While the salivary and tongue microbiomes differed significantly in terms of bacterial composition, they showed inter- rather than intra-individual diversity. A one-day usage of oral care tablets did not alter the salivary or tongue microbiomes of healthy adults. Whether the use of oral tablets for a longer period on healthy people or people with greater tongue coating accumulation shifts their oral microbiome needs to be investigated.\n <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.27502.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T04:23:31Z","timestamp":1617942211000},"page":"1477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inter-site and interpersonal diversity of salivary and tongue microbiomes, and the effect of oral care tablets"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2190-7109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayako","family":"Masago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Nambu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiho","family":"Mashimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuya","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshinori","family":"Okinaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201-206","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.16-0856","article-title":"The 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One."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-1477\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-1477\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-1477\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T04:23:36Z","timestamp":1617942216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-1477\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"references-count":56,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.27502.2","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.740009309.793585237","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.55793.r83021","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-1477\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.30395.r76292, Takuichi Sato, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata, Japan, 22 Dec 2020, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-1477\/v1#referee-response-76292","order":0,"name":"referee-response-76292","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"Hugo Maruyama<\/b>; \nPosted: 02 Apr 2021<\/i>; Thank you very much for your review and comments on our manuscript. Below is a point-by-point response to your comments. \nSuggestions:<\/b> \nResults<\/b> \nFigure 4(b): The authors need to check the figure. There are THREE "Porphyromonas pasteri (279)" in the figure.<\/b> Thank you for pointing this out. This was due to the multiple slightly different reference 16S rRNAs sequences present in the HOMD database used for open-reference clustering of ASVs into OTUs (http:\/\/www.homd.org\/index.php?name=HOMD&view=dynamic&oraltaxonid=279). Because the original figure was created based on counts per OTU, the table contained three "\nPorphyromonas pasteri<\/i> (279)". In the revised figure, we aggregated the counts for OTUs with a common Taxon ID (in this case, HMT-279). An explanation was added to the figure legend: "In (b), count for clustered OTUs with common Taxon ID were aggregated." \nDiscussion<\/b> \nFigure 5 should be cited in the second paragraph of the discussion.<\/b> Figure 5 is now cited as recommended. \nTypographical errors;<\/b> \nResults<\/b> \nP. 6: "Neisseria (11.6% and 9.9% respectively)"<\/b> \nInsert a comma between "9.9%" and "respectively".<\/b> \nP. 7: "F. periodonticum HMT-201 (3.5% and 7.5%, respectively."<\/b> \n"7.5%" should read "7.4%".<\/b> All typographical errors that were pointed out have been corrected. \nFigure 4(a): The authors need to check the figure. Absconditabacteria?<\/b> The problem of the left edge of the figure being cut off has been fixed. \nReferences:<\/b> \nThe authors need to check the style of the references #2, 4, 7, 13, 17, 22, 26, 31, 37, 38, 41, 44, 50, 51 and 54. (Do not use capital letters in the title of each reference.)<\/b> The style of the references has been unified as pointed out.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-1477\/v2#referee-comment-6529","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-6529","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.30395.r79337, Rohit Kunnath Menon, Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 01 Mar 2021, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-1477\/v1#referee-response-79337","order":2,"name":"referee-response-79337","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"Hugo Maruyama<\/b>; \nPosted: 02 Apr 2021<\/i>; Thank you very much for your review and comments on our manuscript. Below is a point-by-point response to your comments. \nComment 1<\/b><\/u> \nAbstract: The results section should provide values for the diversity and the names of at least the most important core OTUs.<\/b> We have included the values of alpha diversity and the names of the core OTUs in the abstract. \nComment 2<\/b><\/u> \nThe authors may include a significant limitation of the study in the discussion section. Which is the sample size of ten individuals. The conclusions regarding the inter-participant differences rather than intra-individual variation is also previously well-established by studies with larger sample size. Hence it is ambitious to claim that this result is well-established with the small sample size.<\/b> The following statement has been added to the last paragraph of the Discussion: ", although it should be noted that the study has a limitation in the sample size of ten individuals." \nComment 3<\/b><\/u> \nAnother significant limitation is the lack of clarity in how the individuals were deemed healthy orally as well as systemically. The absence of clinical data on the caries and periodontal health status of each participant needs to be explained. Previous research clearly shows the impact of oral diseases in determining the microbiome of the oral cavity especially saliva.<\/b> The following description has been added to the "Participants" section of the Methods: "According to the medical questionnaire, (1) none of the participants were undergoing or planning treatment for dental caries or periodontal disease, (2) there were no participants who were suffering from diabetes, chronic kidney disease, lung diseases, malignant tumors, etc., or who were visiting hospitals or taking medication, and (3) none of the participants experienced frequent thirst." \nComment 4<\/b><\/u> \nIt is not surprising that one day treatment with the tablet did not significantly impact the temporal variation. Previous research has shown that even antibiotic treatment does not significantly impact salivary microbiome. The impact of the external agents on the microbiome should be discussed with inclusion of more of such previous investigations. The exclusion criteria of one month for antibiotic treatment should also be discussed with respect to previous available literature:<\/b> R K Menon, A Gomez, B W Brandt, Y Y Leung, D Gopinath, R M Watt, W Crielaard, K E Nelson, M G Botelho. Long-term impact of oral surgery with or without amoxicillin on the oral microbiome-A prospective cohort study. Sci Rep. 2019 Dec 10;9(1):187611 Zaura, E. et al. Same Exposure but Two Radically Different Responses to Antibiotics: Resilience of the Salivary Microbiome versus Long-Term Microbial Shifts in Feces. mBio 6, e01693\u201301615 (2015)2 The following description has been added to the "Participants" section of the Methods: "The exclusion criteria of one month for antibiotic treatment was set based on previous reports on the robustness and resilience of salivary microbiome [Zaura, E. et al. 2019;Menon RK et al. 2015]. For example, change in microbiome caused by exposure to clindamycin lasted up to 1 month in saliva [Zaura, E. et al.]." In addition, the following statement has been added to the sixth paragraph of the Discussion: "The impact of external agents on microbiome depends on the location of microbiome. For example, salivary microbiome is highly resilient against external agents including antimicrobials, compared to feces microbiome that is more easily affected [Zaura et al. mBio 6, e01693\u201301615 (2015)2]." \nComment 5<\/b><\/u> \nPlease check the English grammar. For example: "We here analyzed the effect of oral care tablets on the salivary and tongue microbiome."<\/b> The text has been changed to "Here, we analyzed the effect of oral care tablets on the salivary and tongue microbiomes." The entire manuscript has been checked by a native speaker.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-1477\/v2#referee-comment-6528","order":3,"name":"referee-comment-6528","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.30395.r79136, Priya Nimish Deo, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University Dental College and Hospital, Pune, India, 01 Mar 2021, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-1477\/v1#referee-response-79136","order":4,"name":"referee-response-79136","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"Hugo Maruyama<\/b>; \nPosted: 02 Apr 2021<\/i>; Thank you very much for your review and comment on our manuscript. \nStudies need to be carried out for longer duration to study the shifts in the composition of the microbiome upon intervention.<\/b> We agree that longer term study is needed to determine the impact of oral care tablets on the oral microbiome. This point is discussed in the "Discussion" section.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/9-1477\/v2#referee-comment-6527","order":5,"name":"referee-comment-6527","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI [17K15254 to HM, 20K10285 to TN, 16K11876 to CM, and 19K10473 to KT]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":6,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}