{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:59:42Z","timestamp":1791273582838,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,12]],"date-time":"2015-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1431388800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Introduction<\/ns4:bold>\n                    : Motorcycles have become an increasingly popular mode of transportation despite their association with a greater risk for injury compared with automobiles. Whereas the recent incidence of annual passenger vehicle fatalities in the United States of America (USA) has progressively declined, motorcycle fatalities have steadily increased in the past 11 years. Although motorcycle injuries (MIs) have been studied, to the author\u2019s knowledge there are no published reports on MIs in the USA during this 11-year period.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods<\/ns4:bold>\n                    <ns4:italic>:<\/ns4:italic>\n                    Study data were derived from a prospectively collected Level I trauma center database. Data sampling included motorcycle crash injury evaluations for the 10-year period ending on 31 August 2008. This retrospective analysis included patient demographic and medical data, helmet use, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score, injury severity score (ISS), length of hospital stay (LOS), specific injury diagnosis, and death. Data statistics were analyzed using the Spearman correlation coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and logistic regression.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results<\/ns4:bold>\n                    : The study identified 1252 motorcycle crash injuries. Helmets were worn by 40.7% of patients for which helmet data were available. The rates of the most common orthopedic injuries were tibia\/fibula (19.01%), spine (16.21%), and forearm (10.14%) fractures. The most common non-orthopedic motorcycle crash injuries were concussions (21.09%), skull fractures (8.23%), face fractures (13.66%), and hemo- and pneumothorax (8.79%). There was a significant correlation between greater age and higher ISS (r=0.21, P&lt;0.0001) and longer LOS (r=0.22, P&lt;0.0001). Older patients were also less likely to wear a helmet (OR=0.99, 95% CI: 0.98, 0.997), associated with a significantly higher risk for death (after adjustment for helmet use OR=1.03, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.05). All patients without helmets had a significantly lower GCS score (P=0.0001) and a higher mortality rate (after adjustment for patient demographic data OR=2.28, 95% CI: 1.13, 4.58).\u00a0\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusion<\/ns4:bold>\n                    <ns4:italic>:<\/ns4:italic>\n                    Compared with historical reports, the prevalence of skull, face, spine, and pelvis fractures have increased in American motorcycle crashes. Compared to recent European studies, the incidence of USA skull and face fractures is much higher, while the incidence of USA spine and pelvis fractures is more comparable; however, this is not associated with increased in-hospital mortality.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.4995.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,21]],"date-time":"2015-05-21T11:50:05Z","timestamp":1432209005000},"page":"114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Epidemiology and patterns of musculoskeletal motorcycle injuries in the USA"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Sean T.","family":"Burns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2331-7660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Gugala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos J.","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Mileski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3223-0252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald W.","family":"Lindsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","article-title":"Lone Star Motorcycle Rally, Houston, TX"},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(02)00048-7","article-title":"Injury patterns associated with mortality following motorcycle crashes.","volume":"33","author":"S Ankarath","year":"2002","journal-title":"Injury."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708-11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(88)80151-X","article-title":"Patterns of injury in helmeted and nonhelmeted motorcyclists.","volume":"155","author":"B Bachulis","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Surg."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078-87","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200212000-00009","article-title":"The negative impact of the repeal of the Arkansas motorcycle helmet law.","volume":"53","author":"G Bledsoe","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Trauma."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)80887-X","article-title":"A population-based study of motorcycle injury and costs.","volume":"21","author":"M Braddock","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252-6","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198710000-00031","article-title":"Medical and economic parameters of motorcycle-induced trauma.","volume":"223","author":"J Bried","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res."},{"key":"ref-7","first-page":"279-86","article-title":"The aging road warrior: national trend toward older riders impacts outcome after motorcycle injury.","volume":"76","author":"J Brown","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am Surg."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230-7","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197103000-00004","article-title":"The motorcycle accident: a growing problem.","volume":"11","author":"D Clark","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Trauma."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678-81","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197508000-00009","article-title":"Motorcycle trauma.","volume":"15","author":"R Denaner","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Trauma."},{"key":"ref-10","first-page":"237-49","article-title":"Injury patterns and severity among hospitalized motorcyclists: a comparison of younger and older riders.","volume":"50","author":"P Dischinger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99-115","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197502000-00003","article-title":"Injury patterns in motorcycle collisions.","volume":"15","author":"W Drysdale","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Trauma."},{"key":"ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190-6","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3180f62eec","article-title":"Helmet use and associated spinal fractures in motorcycle crash victims.","volume":"64","author":"P Goslar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma."},{"key":"ref-13","article-title":"Motorcycle Accident Cause Factors and Identification of Countermeasures. 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Reitman, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, 21 May 2015, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/4-114\/v1#referee-response-8630","order":0,"name":"referee-response-8630","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.5332.r8631, Arvind D. Nana, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA, 28 May 2015, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/4-114\/v1#referee-response-8631","order":1,"name":"referee-response-8631","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Data associated with the article are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero \"No rights reserved\" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication).","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}