{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T06:18:35Z","timestamp":1784269115364,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.50951.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000}}],"reference-count":32,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Background:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    Despite the potential benefits, the effects of Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) gait training on changes in neuromuscular activation that accompany functional gains in individuals with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type III is not well known. In this article, we quantify the effects of HAL gait training on spatial muscle activity patterns in a patient with SMA type III using multi-channel surface electromyography (SEMG).\n                    <ns3:bold\/>\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Methods:\u00a0<\/ns3:bold>\n                    A 21-years old male (168 cm, 47.8 kg) with spinal muscular atrophy type III, when diagnosed at 18-years old by genetic screening, participated in this case study. Although he presented with forearm distal muscle weakness, atrophy of the intrinsic muscles of the hand, and neuromuscular fatigue, his activities of daily living is independent. The patient underwent a separate, single 33-minute session of both HAL and treadmill gait training. To evaluate the coefficient of variation (CoV) of force and alterations in the SEMG spatial distribution patterns, modified entropy and CoV of root mean square (RMS) were calculated from the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle before and after the intervention of HAL and treadmill gait training. Each training session was separated by a period of one month to avoid cross-over effects.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Results:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    There was a greater decrease in the \u0394CoV of force and an increase in the magnitude of whole VL muscle activation from pre-intervention to post-intervention with the HAL gait training as compared to the treadmill gait training. In response to only HAL gait training, the CoV of RMS was higher, and the modified entropy was lower post-intervention than pre-intervention.\n                    <ns3:bold\/>\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    Our results support the notion that HAL gait training has a positive benefit on motor output not only in the magnitude of SEMG generated but also the patterns of neural activation.\n                  <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.50951.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T10:50:05Z","timestamp":1621594205000},"page":"214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Influence of hybrid assistive limb gait training on spatial muscle activation patterns in spinal muscular atrophy type III"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0088-8447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuichi","family":"Nishikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoya","family":"Orita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriaki","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinobu","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Hyngstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157-159","DOI":"10.5692\/clinicalneurol.cn-001223","article-title":"[A case of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy with improved walking ability following gait training using the hybrid assistive limb (HAL)].","volume":"59","author":"D Mizui","year":"Mar 28 2019","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-6","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2019.1640001","article-title":"A follow-up study of the effect of training using the Hybrid Assistive Limb on Gait ability in chronic stroke patients.","author":"H Tanaka","year":"Jul 18 2019","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205-210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.05.003","article-title":"Spatiotemporal gait characteristic changes with gait training using the hybrid assistive limb for chronic stroke patients.","volume":"71","author":"H Tanaka","year":"Jun 2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-5","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2019.1643415","article-title":"Effects of hybrid assistive neuromuscular dynamic stimulation therapy for hemiparesis after pediatric stroke: a feasibility trial.","author":"O Oshima","year":"Jul 23 2019","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080-1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.12.020","article-title":"Feasibility of rehabilitation training with a newly developed wearable robot for patients with limited mobility.","volume":"94","author":"S Kubota","year":"Jun 2013","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0058-9","article-title":"HAL(R) exoskeleton training improves walking parameters and normalizes cortical excitability in primary somatosensory cortex in spinal cord injury patients.","volume":"12","author":"M Sczesny-Kaiser","year":"Aug 20 2015","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00259","article-title":"A Randomized and Controlled Crossover Study Investigating the Improvement of Walking and Posture Functions in Chronic Stroke Patients Using HAL Exoskeleton - 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We have removed the bellow sentence.\n<b> <\/b> &quot;\n<i>Our institution does not require ethical approval for reporting individual cases or case series<\/i>\u201d","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/10-214\/v2#referee-comment-6627","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-6627","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.56538.r88730, Corrado Cescon, Rehabilitation Research Laboratory 2rLab, Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland, 05 Jul 2021, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/10-214\/v2#referee-response-88730","order":2,"name":"referee-response-88730","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}