{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T10:28:40Z","timestamp":1767176920824,"version":"build-2238731810"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.54195.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.54195.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.54195.3","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000}}],"reference-count":69,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Association of African Universities","award":["PC\/6\/2016-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PC\/6\/2016-2017"]}]},{"name":"Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) \u2013 Eritrea","award":["ODA\/2014-TC\/13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ODA\/2014-TC\/13"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>\n                    Background Antimalarial drug resistance is a major challenge hampering malaria control and elimination. About three-quarters of Eritrea\u2019s population resides in the malaria-endemic western lowlands of the country.\n                    <ns3:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/ns3:italic>\n                    , the leading causative parasite species, has developed resistance to basically all antimalarials. Continued surveillance of drug resistance using genetic markers provides important molecular data for treatment policies which complements clinical studies, and strengthens control efforts. This study sought to genotype point mutations associated with\n                    <ns3:italic>P. falciparum<\/ns3:italic>\n                    resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and artemisinin, in dried-blood spots from three hospitals in the western lowlands of Eritrea. Methods Dried-blood spot samples were collected from patients visiting Adi Quala, Keren and Gash Barka Hospitals, between July and October, 2014. The patients were followed up after treatment with first line artesunate-amodiaquine, and dried-blood spots were collected on day three after treatment. Nested polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing techniques were employed to genotype point mutations in the\n                    <ns3:italic>Pfdhfr<\/ns3:italic>\n                    (PF3D7_0417200),\n                    <ns3:italic>Pfdhps<\/ns3:italic>\n                    (PF3D7_0810800) and\n                    <ns3:italic>PfK13<\/ns3:italic>\n                    (PF3D7_1343700) partial gene regions. Results Sequence data analyses of PCR-positive isolates found wild-type artemisinin haplotypes associated with resistance (Y493Y, R539R, I543I) in three isolates, whereas four mutant antifolate haplotypes associated with resistance were observed in six isolates. These included the triple-mutant\n                    <ns3:italic>Pfdhfr<\/ns3:italic>\n                    (S108N, C59R, N51I) haplotype, the double-mutant\n                    <ns3:italic>Pfdhfr<\/ns3:italic>\n                    (N51I, S108N) haplotype, the single-mutant\n                    <ns3:italic>Pfdhfr<\/ns3:italic>\n                    (K540E) haplotype, and the mixed-mutant\n                    <ns3:italic>Pfdhfr-Pfdhps<\/ns3:italic>\n                    (S108N, N51I + K540E) haplotype. Other findings observed were, a rare non-synonymous\n                    <ns3:italic>Pfdhfr<\/ns3:italic>\n                    V45A mutation in four isolates, and a synonymous\n                    <ns3:italic>Pfdhps<\/ns3:italic>\n                    R449R in one isolate. Conclusions The mutant antifolate haplotypes observed indicate a likely existence of full SP resistance. Further studies can be carried out to estimate the prevalence of SP resistance. The wild-type artemisinin haplotypes observed suggest artemisinin is still an effective treatment. Continuous monitoring of point mutations associated with delayed parasite clearance in ART clinical studies is recommended.\n                  <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.54195.4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T10:45:05Z","timestamp":1718189105000},"page":"628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Screening for antifolate and artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum\u00a0dried-blood spots from three hospitals of Eritrea"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6527-7567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harriet Natabona","family":"Mukhongo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johnson Kang'ethe","family":"Kinyua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yishak Gebrekidan","family":"Weldemichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Remmy Wekesa","family":"Kasili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"2014","article-title":"Malaria and other vector-borne diseases control strategy 2015-2019 in Eritrea.","year":"2014","journal-title":"The national malaria control program"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2067-8","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5372.2067","article-title":"The \u201croll back malaria\u201d campaign.","volume":"280","author":"D Nabarro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Mandefera Declaration on Malaria control in Eritrea.","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"46-50","article-title":"Roll back malaria - 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status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.165131.r271371, Olusola Ojurongbe, Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, 09 May 2024, version 3, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/10-628\/v3#referee-response-271371","order":0,"name":"referee-response-271371","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.165131.r271372, Sam L Nsobya, Infectious Disease Research Collaboration (IDRC),, Kampala, 04 Jun 2024, version 3, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/10-628\/v3#referee-response-271372","order":1,"name":"referee-response-271372","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work was supported by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) \u2013 Eritrea (Reference no. ODA\/2014-TC\/13) to YGW and RWK and Association of African Universities (AAU) small grants for theses and dissertations program to HNM (Reference no. PC\/6\/2016-2017). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}