{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T22:21:44Z","timestamp":1773699704610,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.54410.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.54410.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.54410.3","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000}}],"reference-count":16,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>\n                    Background: Shawarma, a popular meat-based fast food could be a source of foodborne outbreak due to non-typhoidal\n                    <ns3:italic>Salmonella<\/ns3:italic>\n                    (NTS). A clustering of acute gastrointestinal (GI) illness following intake of chicken shawarma occurred primarily among the staff and students of a tertiary care hospital in southern India.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>Methods: A case-control study was conducted among 348 undergraduate medical students (33 cases, 315 controls).\u00a0 Data was collected using direct interviews and a simple online questionnaire. Epidemiological associations of GI illness were evaluated at three levels of exposure namely-eating food from any restaurant, eating food from the implicated food outlet, eating chicken shawarma from the implicated outlet.<\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    Results: Of 33 cases, 26 had consumed food from a particular food outlet, 4 from other outlets, and 3 did not report eating out. Consumption of food from the suspected food outlet was significantly associated with GI illness (odds ratio 121.8 [95% CI 28.41 to 522.66];\n                    <ns3:italic>P<\/ns3:italic>\n                    &lt;0.001); all the 26 cases who had eaten from the particular outlet had eaten chicken shawarma. By comparison, only one of the 315 controls had eaten this dish. Of the 27 persons (cases as well as controls) who had consumed chicken shawarma from the outlet, 26 were ill. Culture of stool samples from 10 affected individuals and implicated food item yielded\n                    <ns3:italic>Salmonella<\/ns3:italic>\n                    Enteritidis.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>Conclusions: Meat-based shawarma is a potential source of NTS infection. Food safety authorities should enforce guidelines for safe preparation and sale of shawarmas and similar products.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.54410.4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T10:55:07Z","timestamp":1648464907000},"page":"851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis food poisoning following consumption of chicken shawarma: A brief epidemiological investigation"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2151-4273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surendran","family":"Deepanjali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mandal","family":"Jharna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bammigatti","family":"Chanaveerappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dhandapani","family":"Sarumathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pallam","family":"Gopichand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7736-7159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaliyappan","family":"Anupriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Wikipedia contributors, \u201cShawarma,\u201d Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263-269","DOI":"10.1086\/318457","article-title":"Nontyphoidal salmonellosis.","volume":"32","author":"E Hohmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186-192","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v43i09a05","article-title":"Salmonella Thompson outbreak associated with consumption of chicken shawarma and the usefulness of genome sequencing in the investigation.","volume":"43","author":"C Gaulin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep."},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"18-19","article-title":"Salmonella poisoning and chicken shawarmas, western Riyadh, june 1997.","volume":"4","author":"A Saigul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Saudi Epidemiol. Bull."},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Mass Food Poisoning as Child Dies, 800 Hospitalized After Eating at Shawarma Restaurant [Internet].","author":"J Bremnar","year":"2020 cited 16 July 2021","journal-title":"Michigan poison and Drug Information Center."},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Guidelines for Safe Preparation of Shawarmas or Similar Meat Products.","year":"2021 cited 16 July 2021","journal-title":"Eastern Ontario Health Unit."},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Donairs, Shawarmas and Similar Products [internet].","year":"2012 cited 16 July 2021"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3684-3714","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10083684","article-title":"Reporting of foodborne illness by U.S. consumers and healthcare professionals.","volume":"10","author":"S Arendt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295-300","DOI":"10.1177\/003591576505800503","article-title":"The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?.","volume":"58","author":"A Hill","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114-143","DOI":"10.1201\/b13378-12","volume":"2007","author":"J McLauchlin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hobb\u2019s Food Poisoning and Food Hygiene."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2727-2734","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817001364","article-title":"Outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 1B associated with frozen pre-cooked chicken cubes, Finland 2012.","volume":"145","author":"S Huusko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703-709","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-16-431","article-title":"Nuggets of Wisdom: Salmonella Enteritidis Outbreaks and the Case for New Rules on Uncooked Frozen Processed Chicken.","volume":"80","author":"J Hobbs","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Food Prot."},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"265","article-title":"Salmonella food poisoning outbreak in Kharar town of Punjab.","volume":"53","author":"T Dikid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319-326","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-015-0530-z","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Nontyphoidal Salmonella in Poultry and Poultry Products in India: Implications for Human Health.","volume":"55","author":"S Saravanan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Microbiol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407-1414","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.4368","article-title":"Foodborne bacterial pathogens recovered from contaminated shawarma meat in northern Jordan.","volume":"8","author":"L Nimri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.15022065.v2","article-title":"Foodborne disease outbreak version 2. figshare.","author":"S Deepanjali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dataset."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/10-851\/v4\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/10-851\/v4\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/10-851\/v4\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T10:55:14Z","timestamp":1648464914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/10-851\/v4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"references-count":16,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.54410.4","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.120347.r129069","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/10-851\/v4#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.81408.r115452, Veronica Cibin, Marta Leati, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy, 22 Dec 2021, version 3, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/10-851\/v3#referee-response-115452","order":0,"name":"referee-response-115452","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Surendran Deepanjali<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 23 Dec 2021<\/i>; We thank the respected reviewers for their kind response and would like to put on record that their suggestions helped to substantially enhance the readability of our manuscript.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/10-851\/v4#referee-comment-7620","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-7620","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.81408.r118746, Samuel Kariuki, Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, 14 Jan 2022, version 3, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/10-851\/v3#referee-response-118746","order":2,"name":"referee-response-118746","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Surendran Deepanjali<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 15 Jan 2022<\/i>; We thank the reviewer for the kind appraisal of our manuscript and the valuable comments. In the new version of the manuscript we have made the suggested changes. In the Results section, the sentence &quot;Stool PCR was negative in all 14 cases&quot; has been modified as &quot;Stool PCR was negative&nbsp; for diarrheagenic \n<i>E. coli<\/i> and \n<i>Campylobacter<\/i> spp in all 14 cases.&quot;. The first sentence in Conclusions section has been removed. We hope the reviewer find the changes satisfactory.&nbsp;","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/10-851\/v4#referee-comment-7708","order":3,"name":"referee-comment-7708","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":4,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}