{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T12:05:24Z","timestamp":1785240324963,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.55470.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.55470.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000}}],"reference-count":68,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research and Community Service Departement Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University","award":["3125\/UN.10.F08\/PN\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3125\/UN.10.F08\/PN\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns5:p>Background Insulin resistance has been independently associated with cardiac diseases. Free fatty acids (FFAs) are known to induce cardiac insulin resistance via low-grade inflammation. Therefore, lowering FFA levels may improve cardiac insulin resistance. This study investigated the effects of a combination of green tea and decaffeinated light-roasted green coffee extract on free fatty acid-induced cardiac insulin resistance by modulating the adiponectin\/FAS pathways. Methods This study used 25 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was induced using a high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diet and a low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) injection, while a normal chow (NC) diet served as the healthy control. The MS rats were treated for 9 weeks with green tea (300 mg\/kg b.w.), decaffeinated light-roasted green coffee (200 mg\/kg b.w.), or a combination of both extracts. The experimental subjects were divided into five groups: 1) MS (HFHS diet + STZ), 2) NC (normal chow), 3) GT (green tea extract), 4) GC (decaffeinated light-roasted green coffee extract), and 5) CM (combination of both extracts). Adiponectin and HOMA-IR levels were analysed using ELISA, while the gene expression of Adipo-R1, FAS, PI3K, PDK1, Akt, and GLUT4 was measured using RT-PCR. Results The combination of green tea and decaffeinated light-roasted green coffee demonstrated synergistic effects in reducing FFA levels. The adiponectin\/FAS pathways were attenuated in the CM group. Furthermore, the combination therapy improved cardiac insulin resistance marker expressions, including IRS-1\/2, PI3K, PDK1, Akt, and GLUT4. Conclusions The combination of green tea and decaffeinated light-roasted green coffee extract improved cardiac insulin resistance more effectively than the administration of either extract alone, by reducing FFA levels through the modulation of the adiponectin\/FAS pathways.<\/ns5:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.55470.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:49:06Z","timestamp":1783489746000},"page":"990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Green Tea and Decaffeinated Light Roasted Green Coffee Extract Combination Improved Cardiac Insulin Resistance through Free Fatty Acids and Adiponectin\/FAS Pathways Amelioration in Metabolic Syndrome Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mifetika","family":"Lukitasari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine Malang East java +62 Brawijaya University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Saifur","family":"Rohman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Malang East java +62 Brawijaya University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6195-9771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dwi Adi","family":"Nugroho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Herbal Medicine, Brawijaya Cardiovascular Research Group, Faculty of Medicine Malang East java +62 Brawijaya University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukhamad","family":"Nur Kholis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magister of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Malang East java +62 Brawijaya University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nila Aisyah","family":"Wahyuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magister of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Malang East java +62 Brawijaya University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1126-498X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nashi","family":"Widodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Mathematics and Natural Sciences Malang East java +62 Brawijaya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923-934","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2449","article-title":"Nutrient sensing and inflammation in metabolic diseases.","volume":"8","author":"G Hotamisligil","year":"2008 Dec","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4041-1","article-title":"Prevalence and 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