{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T01:22:25Z","timestamp":1790126545514,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.6175.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]],"date-time":"2017-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505865600000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.6175.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]],"date-time":"2017-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505865600000}}],"reference-count":240,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]],"date-time":"2017-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505865600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>In the brain of primates, the auditory cortex connects with the frontal lobe via the temporal pole (auditory ventral stream; AVS) and via the inferior parietal lobe (auditory dorsal stream; ADS). The AVS is responsible for sound recognition, and the ADS for sound-localization, voice detection and integration of calls with faces. I propose that the primary role of the ADS in non-human primates is the detection and response to contact calls. These calls are exchanged between tribe members (e.g., mother-offspring) and are used for monitoring location. Detection of contact calls occurs by the ADS identifying a voice, localizing it, and verifying that the corresponding face is out of sight. Once a contact call is detected, the primate produces a contact call in return via descending connections from the frontal lobe to a network of limbic and brainstem regions.<\/ns4:p><ns4:p\/><ns4:p>Because the ADS of present day humans also performs speech production, I further propose an evolutionary course for the transition from contact call exchange to an early form of speech. In accordance with this model, structural changes to the ADS endowed early members of the genus<ns4:italic>Homo<\/ns4:italic>with partial vocal control. This development was beneficial as it enabled offspring to modify their contact calls with intonations for signaling high or low levels of distress to their mother. Eventually, individuals were capable of participating in yes-no question-answer conversations. In these conversations the offspring emitted a low-level distress call for inquiring about the safety of objects (e.g., food), and his\/her mother responded with a high- or low-level distress call to signal approval or disapproval of the interaction. Gradually, the ADS and its connections with brainstem motor regions became more robust and vocal control became more volitional. Speech emerged once vocal control was sufficient for inventing novel calls.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.6175.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]],"date-time":"2017-09-20T13:45:20Z","timestamp":1505915120000},"page":"67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["From where to what: a neuroanatomically based evolutionary model of the emergence of speech in humans"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Oren","family":"Poliva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381-396","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(97)00053-2","article-title":"The evolutionary origin of the language areas in the human brain. 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Neurophysiol."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/4-67\/v3\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/4-67\/v3\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/4-67\/v3\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T03:22:42Z","timestamp":1719458562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/4-67\/v3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]]},"references-count":240,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.6175.3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/4-67\/v3#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.6619.r8933, Amy Poremba, Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA, 17 Jul 2015, version 1, 3 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/4-67\/v1#referee-response-8933","order":0,"name":"referee-response-8933","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Oren Poliva<\/b>; <i>Posted: 05 Jan 2016<\/i>; This contribution is a wide-ranging theory of how speech evolved in humans, which incorporates the dorsal and ventral auditory processing streams, but primarily focused on the auditory dorsal stream. &nbsp;&nbsp;There are several large leaps in the proposed trajectory for language evolution such as, \u201ceventually, individuals were capable of inventing new words and offspring were capable of inquiring about objects in their environment and learning their names via mimicry.\u201d While the first part of the overall proposed theory is well supported, these latter stages are under-supported by current knowledge, particularly when moving to discussing individuals that became capable of enunciating novel calls (e.g., last paragraph of introduction); (some publications that may be helpful, comment by Meguerditchian <i>et al.<\/i>, 2014; original article, Ackermann <i>et al.<\/i>, 2014). The steps proposed for inventing new words and inquiring about objects are likely to require a large number of processes and the theory does not specify what those steps might be. Overall, Poliva\u2019s theory as set forth does generate some interesting, testable, hypotheses as demonstrated in section 9, and the leaps in the logical flow do not negate these as the hypotheses are more closely related to the current knowledge base. <b><u>Response:<\/u><\/b> <b> I agree with the reviewer that the final evolutionary stages show a leap and are not strongly substantiated with evidence. As mentioned in the paper, in depth discussion of these stages is presented in a sibling paper, which is currently in writing. Nonetheless, in the revised manuscript, I made more effort to describe possible transition to mimicry. Moreover, I removed discussing this issue from the abstract and introduction, as it is not the primary concern of the present paper.<\/b>&nbsp;As this is a theory of \u201cFrom where to what,\u201d missing for me was a better description of how the dorsal and ventral streams might interact in this theory. Calls still need to be \u201crecognized\u201d as auditory objects and imaging and recording studies have indicated the ventral stream does process this type of information. The ventral stream was given much less prominence and described in the appendix. It would be nice to include a paragraph or two on how the two systems may work together or how the ventral stream object identification comes to participate or interact with word formation and questions about objects.&nbsp; <b><u>Response:<\/u><\/b> <b> As mentioned above, in the revised manuscript I downplayed the role of the ADS in object naming and mimicry, and limited the discussion to speech. In depth discussion into the role of the AVS in these functions will be presented in the sibling paper. There was simply too many hypotheses and topics to cover, which made it impossible to include them all in a single paper.<\/b>&nbsp;In the first paragraph of the introduction, curiosity toward the unknown may be related to non-human primates\u2019 tendency to pick novel objects from known objects. This is also true in many lower animals.&nbsp; <b><u>Response:<\/u><\/b> <b> The hypothesis that curiosity to novel objects prompted our curiosity to the unknown is an interesting alternative hypothesis. Humans, however, since the beginning of written history, were also documented with another curiosity: desire to explore unknown places. In the present paper, I present evidence that the primary drive for the emergence of speech was by lost infants and mothers seeking to reunite. This model seems to explain both the emergence of speech and our unique curiosity for the unknown and is thus parsimonious. Presenting an alternative explanation would entail evidence for a different evolutionary course, and is thus beyond the scope of the present paper. Saying that, I\u2019ll be very interested to read about evidence for an evolutionary course that explains the curiosity to the unknown from this perspective. In the present model, I argue that the first question ever asked was \u201cwhere are you\u201d. It leaves me wondering that if the curiosity to the unknown was prompted by curiosity to novel objects, then what could have been the first question?<\/b>&nbsp;The development of curiosity of objects that are absent from our environment as Poliva suggests must also be related to memory development. One must be able to remember that objects exist and have detailed memories in order to determine if an object is indeed missing. There are aspects of work by Mishkin and colleagues suggesting that the lack of robust, or expansive, long-term auditory memory may relate to the absence of complex communication systems in non-human primates, such as rhesus macaques. Clearly, visual memory is much more extensive and robust than auditory memory and the sign language that other non-human primates have demonstrated may be related to the robust nature of visual memory. The issue of memory mechanisms necessary for identifying that auditory objects are indeed missing from the environment, and how these may differ and interact between auditory and visual systems, should at least be mentioned in passing.&nbsp;&nbsp; <b><u>Response<\/u><\/b> <b>: The hypothesis that expansion of auditory memory contributed to the development of language is very interesting and I do appreciate that the reviewer brought this research to my attention. However, in the present paper I only describe an evolutionary course up to the advent of the first conversation. Enhancement of auditory memory likely occurred in later stages of language development, and is thus beyond the scope of the present paper.<\/b>&nbsp; <b>As a final note, I want to thank the reviewer for her insightful comments and opinions, and hope that she enjoys the revised version of the paper.<\/b>","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/4-67\/v3#referee-comment-1750","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-1750","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.8315.r12035, Josef Rauschecker, Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA, 13 Sep 2017, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/4-67\/v2#referee-response-12035","order":2,"name":"referee-response-12035","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.6619.r11960, Michael A Arbib, Computer Science Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 18 Jan 2016, version 1, 3 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/4-67\/v1#referee-response-11960","order":3,"name":"referee-response-11960","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Oren Poliva<\/b>; <i>Posted: 21 Jan 2016<\/i>; I want to thank the reviewer for his positive review and for his insightful and constructive comments. Below are my responses:I endorse the key points of Amy Poremba\u2019s review: (i) The dorsal auditory stream was over-emphasized at the expense of assessing the role of the ventral stream and how these streams are integrated. <b>Response: I agree with the reviewer that the article focuses on the ADS, and pay little attention to the AVS. I also agree that the AVS partakes an important role in the perception and production of human language, and that it interacts with the ADS. However, as I also previously responded to Poremba, in the present paper I propose a model for the emergence of speech and not language, and speech appears to be primarily or solely a function of the ADS. A possible course for the transition from speech to language and the role the AVS in such functions is discussed in detail in the second paper (mentioned in the article).<\/b>Poremba notes the relevance of work from Mishkin\u2019s lab on auditory memory \u2013 see, e.g., Fritz, Mishkin, and Saunders (2005) which \u201craises the possibility that language is unique to humans not only because it depends on speech but also because it requires long-term auditory memory.\u201d I would add that Aboitiz and his colleagues have emphasized the expansion of working memory capacity as a key element in evolving a language-ready brain (see Aboitiz, 2012, for a recent review of this approach). <b>Response: I agree with the reviewer that expansion of auditory memory (or its ability to sustain interferences as shown by Scott, Mishkin &amp; Yin, 2012) took an important part in the evolution of language. However, as I previously responded to Poremba, this change likely occurred after <i>Hominins<\/i> acquired volitional control over the vocal apparatus, and thus is beyond the scope of the present paper. This issue is also discussed in detail in the second paper.<\/b> <b>Scott BH, Mishkin M, Yin P. Monkeys have a limited form of short-term memory in audition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2012 Jul 24;109(30):12237\u201341.&nbsp;<\/b>The leap from contact calls to \u201cindividuals \u2026 capable of inventing new words and offspring \u2026 capable of inquiring about objects in their environment and learning their names via mimicry\u201d is essentially unbridged\u2026..In any case, it seems mistaken to place exclusive emphasis on the role of ADS in the transition \u2013 one might thus assess the hypotheses of Bornkessel-Schlesewsky and Schlesewsky (2013) on the roles of both ADS and AVS (and frontal areas) in speech comprehension. However, a companion paper is promised: \u201cDiscussing the transition from exchanging low-level distress contact calls into complex vocal language, however, is beyond the scope of the present paper and a model for such transition is discussed [at] length in a sibling paper titled \u2018Vocal Mimicry as the Sculptor of the Human Mind. A Neuroanatomically based Evolutionary Model of The Emergence of Vocal Language\u2019 (Poliva, in preparation).\u201d Perhaps it would be better if less were said about this topic in the present paper so that the implications of the evidence on ADS function and evolution could be better assessed for their merits irrespective of the contact call hypothesis. <b>Response: I agree with the reviewer that the article doesn\u2019t delve enough into the transition from speech to vocal mimicry. As I responded to Poremba, and mentioned in the paper, this topic is discussed in detail in the second paper. As the primary concern of the present paper is the emergence of speech, I removed from the abstract and introduction any mentioning of the transition from speech to vocal mimicry based language, and limited its discussion to a short paragraph near the end of the paper.&nbsp;<\/b>Since there are many monkey calls, it seems unclear why, if one is to use these calls as the core for evolving a brain with language, one should focus on contact calls alone. Including other calls might add more \u201cevolutionary opportunities.\u201d In this regard, note the argument of Seyfarth and Cheney that one may see the structure of language prefigured in the \u201crules\u201d monkeys develop for social cognition (Cheney &amp; Seyfarth, 2005; Seyfarth &amp; Cheney, 2014). <b>Response: The reviewer presents an interesting question when he suggests that contact calls might not be special. The paper he cites suggests that rule based alarm calls could serve as a potential precursor to human language. In my opinion, contact calls are a more likely candidate precursor to present day vocal conversation than alarm calls. Like present day vocal conversations, contact call are characterized with turn taking and require interaction between (at least) two participants. The content of contact calls is also similar to present day question answer dialogue (as if similar to the question \u2018where are you?\u2019 and the answer \u2019I\u2019m here, Where are you?\u2019). Alarm calls in contrast, although context dependent and thus likely under cortical influence, do not require vocal response and thus don\u2019t resemble conversation. Moreover, as I present in the paper, converging evidence suggests that both human speech and contact call exchange in non-human primates are processed in the ADS. As far as I\u2019m aware of, no study provided evidence that alarm calls are processed in the ADS. (Given its dependence on observing emotive stimuli, I would assume that expressing alarm calls occurs through processing in the visual ventral stream and amygdala, and response to alarm calls occurs through the auditory ventral stream and amygdala.)<\/b>I suspect that further work in language evolution will reveal a \u201cmosaic\u201d of innovations, some of which are apparent in different monkey or ape species. One may hope that studies of the brains of different species will reveal diverse cues that illuminate, perhaps, the convergent evolution of different tiles of the language-supporting neural mosaic of the human brain. Consider, for example, the capability for turn taking in geladas (Gustison, le Roux, &amp; Bergman, 2012; Richman, 1987) and marmosets (Miller, Thomas, Nummela, &amp; de la Mothe, 2015; Takahashi, Narayanan, &amp; Ghazanfar, 2013) as just one of the diverse components of language-ready brain that are differentially evident in different species of nonhuman primate. <b>Response: I admit I got confused from the reviewer\u2019s comment. The reviewer argues that turn taking occurs in gelada monkeys. The studies he cite however don\u2019t mention such behavior. The reviewer then proceed to cite turn taking vocal behavior in marmoset monkeys, as an alternative explanation to how humans developed turn taking in conversations. The reviewer, however, cite studies that explore turn taking in the exchange of contact calls, which further support the discussed model.<\/b>Figure 1 shows dual stream connectivity between the auditory cortex and frontal lobe of monkeys and humans. What can be said about the intersection of the 2 streams in VLPFC? And what can be said about the interaction of DLPFC and VLPFC?&nbsp; <b>Response: In the paper I describe two pathways connecting the auditory cortex with the prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is primarily ascribed with planning and problem solving. When detecting and responding to contact calls, the prefrontal cortex likely mediates high level processing, such as determining the best way to overcome an obstacle in order to reach the caller. In the present model, I attempt to demonstrate that the detection and production of contact calls occur in the same pathway as speech in humans, and on that account attribute a relationship between them. The role of the prefrontal cortex in such high level processing is not necessary for establishing this relationship and is thus beyond the scope of the present paper.<\/b>Figure 2 depicts the \u201cFrom Where to What model\u201d via three stages of neuroanatomical modifications. It might be useful to first provide a diagram focusing on VVS and VDS (initial V for Visual) and discussing the relation in both anatomy and function of these paths with each other. It might also be helpful to present pieces of the model along with the exposition of the related data, postponing this integrative figure until the pieces are in place\u2026..In Figure 2, Poliva asserts: (i) \u201cApproximately 2.5 million years ago, the <i>Homo<\/i> genus emerged as <i>a result of<\/i> [my italics] duplication of the IPS and subsequent duplication of its frontal projections\u201d (a) Surely, many more changes led to the emergence of <i>Homo. <\/i>(b) At the end of Section 7, Poliva suggests the relevance of endocast data to this claim. Are there relevant data on apes that could help us assess this transition? (ii) \u201cSince the auditory cortex targeted the more proximal of these duplicated parietal regions, a new pathway dedicated for auditory processing emerged (i.e., auditory dorsal stream; ADS.\u201d But monkey data show an ADS, so what is the transition being suggested here? Picking up on the issue in (5), one needs to better understand the division of labor between ADS and subcortical mechanisms (as well as AVS, to reiterate Poremba\u2019s point)\u2026.In relation to 6(i), Poliva notes the dual role of the parietal lobe in sensory-motor transformation of both audio-spatial and verbal information, and proposes that during <i>Hominin<\/i> evolution there was a cortical field duplication, of the IPS with further duplication of its projections to the VLPFC which resulted in a pathway dedicated for audio-vocal conversion. How would this serve people who employ a signed language? (Of course, those who advocate a gestural origin of language must face the complementary question of how visuo-manual pathways came to support audio-vocal signals \u2013 which they must do because other primates lack vocal learning, let alone the use of syntax and semantics in either domain.) <b>Response:&nbsp; I agree with the reviewer that in depth description of the visual streams and addition of evidence for the parietal duplication hypothesis could add more depth to the paper. However, reviewer 2 (Josef Rauschecker) argued that the section of the paper discussing the relationship between the auditory and visual streams is problematic, and overall disagreed with the parietal duplication hypothesis. Although I don\u2019t entirely agree with his perspective, given that the paper is already rich in hypotheses and evidence, I chose to remove the sections discussing this topic from the paper. Possibly, the parietal duplication hypothesis will be presented in the future in its own paper.<\/b>A valuable feature of Poliva\u2019s model is its suggestion of how the response to an auditory call might initiate visual search as the basis for action (he emphasizes the mother emitting a call if the child is not seen; a related scenario would be movement toward the child if it were seen). This issue of integration of communication and action, which may (but need not) integrate audition with vision, is an important feature which too few studies take into account. My question is whether he unduly emphasizes cortical pathways involving the frontal eye fields and shortchanges subcortical interactions involving the superior colliculus (noting of course that these are open to cortical influences modulated by the basal ganglia) <b>Response: I agree with the reviewer that area LIP in the intraparietal sulcus likely guides eye movements via projections to the frontal eye field and the superior colliculi. Such connections from the area LIP to the superior colliculi were described in tracing studies (Lynch et al., 1985). However, to the best of my knowledge no study so far demonstrated that this parieto-collicular pathway carries auditory information. It would also be very difficult to demonstrate that auditory influence on the superior colliculus occurs via connections from area LIP and not via ascending connections from the inferior colliculi. Given the lack of evidence of an auditory parieto-collicular pathway I chose at this point not to include it in the revised paper.<\/b> <b>Lynch, J. C., AMs Graybiel, and L. J. Lobeck. &quot;The differential projection of two cytoarchitectonic subregions of the inferior parietal lobule of macaque upon the deep layers of the superior colliculus.&quot; <i>Journal of Comparative Neurology<\/i> 235.2 (1985): 241-254.<\/b>Poliva claims to review \u201cevidence for a role of the ADS in the transition from mediating contact calls into mediating human speech\u201d but simply cites data correlating ADS impairment with disorders like speech apraxia.&nbsp; <b>Response: In addition to the paragraph discussing the role of the ADS in speech production, I present throughout the paper many other studies that indirectly show a role of the human ADS in speech production, such as fMRI studies that compare speech production to the production of melodies (Hickok et al., 2003) and many studies that ascribe the ADS with a role in speech repetition (Hickok et al., 2007). &nbsp;<\/b>Nothing in the data privileges contact calls over other vocal productions <b>Response: Many studies have shown that the ADS (associated in human with speech production) has a special role in the detection and production of contact calls. For example:<\/b> <b>\u201cFurther corroborating the involvement of the ADS in the perception of contact calls are intra-cortical recordings from the posterior insula (near area CM-A1) of the macaque, which revealed stronger selectivity for a contact call (coo call) than a social call (threat call; <\/b> <b>Remedios <i>et al.<\/i>, 2009a<\/b> <b>). Contrasting this finding is a study that recorded neural activity from the anterior auditory cortex, and reported that the proportion of neurons dedicated to a contact call was similar to the proportions of neurons dedicated to other calls (<\/b> <b>Perrodin <i>et al.<\/i>, 2011<\/b> <b>).\u201d<\/b> <b>Also:<\/b> <b>\u201cConsistently, a study that sacrificed marmoset monkeys immediately after responding to contact calls (phee calls) measured highest neural activity (genomic expression of cFos protein) in the posterior auditory fields (CM-CL), and VLPFC (<\/b> <b>Miller <i>et al.<\/i>, 2010<\/b> <b>). Monkeys sacrificed after only hearing contact calls or only emitting them showed neural activity in the same regions but to a much smaller degree (See also <\/b> <b>Sim&otilde;es <i>et al.<\/i>, 2010<\/b> <b> for similar results in a study using the protein Egr-1).\u201d<\/b>&nbsp;\u2013 and, anyway, clear articulation is a far cry [sic] from mechanisms supporting the role of syntax and semantics in language production and perception. <b>Response: I agree with the reviewer that arguing that the ADS processes speech does not necessitate that the ADS process more complex linguistic functions such as semantics and syntax. This is why in the paper I only present a model for the emergence of speech. More complex linguistic functions and possible evolutionary course will be discussed in the second paper.&nbsp;<\/b>Poliva stresses that the ability to ask and answer questions is an essential feature of language use. I agree. Future work on language evolution should pay more attention to the challenge of explaining how this evolved. However the focus on modifying contact calls with prosodic intonations seems to me too narrow (I may be wrong, but more argument would be needed) and (as Poremba observed) the account of the transition remains too sketchy. Poliva cites \u201cthe ability of present-day infants of using intonations for changing the pragmatic utilization of a word from a statement to a command\/demand (\u201cmommy!\u201d) or a question (\u201cmommy?\u201d),\u201d but one must be careful to distinguish these infant \u201ccommunicative acts\u201d from the ability to deploy grammar to formulate an open-ended repertoire of commands and questions using the structures of a language \u2013 let along being able to marshal answers to questions of even modest complexity. <b>Response: I agree with the reviewer that adults often use complex syntax to ask questions. However, given that children (and occasionally adults) can express a question with a single word using intonations, suggests, in my opinion, that such question asking method could have preceded syntax, and thus indicate of an intermediate stage in the evolution of language. A transition from a single word question to syntax likely occurred at later evolutionary stages, and is thus beyond the scope of the present paper.<\/b>","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/4-67\/v3#referee-comment-1777","order":4,"name":"referee-comment-1777","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work","order":5,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}