{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:04:11Z","timestamp":1791925451322,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]],"date-time":"2015-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1440460800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Hyaluronan (HA) is a high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is particularly abundant in soft connective tissues. Solutions of HA can be highly viscous with non-Newtonian flow properties. These properties affect the movement of HA-containing fluid layers within and underlying the deep fascia. Changes in the concentration, molecular weight, or even covalent modification of HA in inflammatory conditions, as well as changes in binding interactions with other macromolecules, can have dramatic effects on the sliding movement of fascia. The high molecular weight and the semi-flexible chain of HA are key factors leading to the high viscosity of dilute solutions, and real HA solutions show additional nonideality and greatly increased viscosity due to mutual macromolecular crowding. The shear rate dependence of the viscosity, and the viscoelasticity of HA solutions, depend on the relaxation time of the molecule, which in turn depends on the HA concentration and molecular weight. Temperature can also have an effect on these properties. High viscosity can additionally affect the lubricating function of HA solutions. Immobility can increase the concentration of HA, increase the viscosity, and reduce lubrication and gliding of the layers of connective tissue and muscle. Over time, these changes can alter both muscle structure and function. Inflammation can further increase the viscosity of HA-containing fluids if the HA is modified via covalent attachment of heavy chains derived from Inter-\u03b1-Inhibitor. Hyaluronidase hydrolyzes HA, thus reducing its molecular weight, lowering the viscosity of the extracellular matrix fluid and making outflow easier. It can also disrupt any aggregates or gel-like structures that result from HA being modified. Hyaluronidase is used medically primarily as a dispersion agent, but may also be useful in conditions where altered viscosity of the fascia is desired, such as in the treatment of muscle stiffness.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.6885.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]],"date-time":"2015-08-25T06:45:10Z","timestamp":1440485110000},"page":"622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":309,"title":["Viscoelastic Properties of Hyaluronan in Physiological Conditions"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Mary K.","family":"Cowman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tannin A.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preeti","family":"Raghavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Stecco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397-404","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.6.7.1563592","article-title":"Hyaluronan.","volume":"6","author":"T Laurent","year":"1992","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00261","article-title":"The Content and Size of Hyaluronan in Biological Fluids and Tissues.","volume":"6","author":"M Cowman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27-33","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1997.00170.x","article-title":"Hyaluronan: its nature, distribution, functions and turnover.","volume":"242","author":"J Fraser","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Intern Med."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4581-4","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R100037200","article-title":"Hyaluronan and homeostasis: a balancing act.","volume":"277","author":"M Tammi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245-50","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1997.9970","article-title":"Degradation of hyaluronan by peroxynitrite.","volume":"341","author":"M Li","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537-57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2007.07.001","article-title":"The many ways to cleave hyaluronan.","volume":"25","author":"R Stern","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotechnol Adv."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718-45","DOI":"10.2174\/092986709788186138","article-title":"Role, metabolism, chemical modifications and applications of hyaluronan.","volume":"16","author":"N Volpi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem."},{"key":"ref-8","first-page":"255-9","article-title":"Viscoelastic properties of hyaluronic acid and biological lubrication.","author":"E Balazs","year":"1968","journal-title":"Univ Mich Med Cent J."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A1-7","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1996.32","article-title":"The structure and function of hyaluronan: An overview.","volume":"74","author":"T Laurent","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493-8","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.71.6.2493","article-title":"Hyaluronan in human skeletal muscle of lower extremity: concentration, distribution, and effect of exercise.","volume":"71","author":"K Piehl-Aulin","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201-5","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00318761","article-title":"Localization of hyaluronan in various muscular tissues. 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