{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:09:31Z","timestamp":1772168971665,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7196.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,7]],"date-time":"2016-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475798400000}}],"reference-count":41,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,7]],"date-time":"2016-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475798400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Population-based assessment of Tourette syndrome (TS) and other tic disorders produces a paradox. On one hand, ideally diagnosis of tic disorders requires expert observation. In fact, diagnostic criteria for TS explicitly require expert assessment of tics for a definite diagnosis. On the other hand, large-scale population surveys with expert assessment of every subject are impracticable. True, several published studies have successfully used expert assessment to find tic prevalence in a representative population (e.g. all students in a school district). However, extending these studies to larger populations is daunting.<\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p\/>\n                  <ns4:p>We created a multimedia tool to demonstrate tics to a lay audience, discuss their defining and common attributes, and address features that differentiate tics from other movements and vocalizations. A first version was modified to improve clarity and to include a more diverse group in terms of age and ethnicity. The result is a tool intended for epidemiological research. It may also provide additional benefits, such as more representative minority recruitment for other TS studies and increased community awareness of TS.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7196.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,7]],"date-time":"2016-10-07T08:40:11Z","timestamp":1475829611000},"page":"1518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["VISIT-TS: A multimedia tool for population studies on tic disorders"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"M. Jonathan","family":"Vachon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine W.","family":"Striley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mollie R.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam L.","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily C.","family":"Bihun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1409-5608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Koller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6921-9567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","article-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2013","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734-8","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820210068008","article-title":"An epidemiologic study of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in Israel.","volume":"50","author":"A Apter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.8428.1","article-title":"Provisional Tic Disorder: What to tell parents when their child first starts ticcing [version 1; referees: 3 approved].","volume":"5","author":"K Black","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Res."},{"key":"ref-5","first-page":"581-585","article-title":"Prevalence of diagnosed Tourette Syndrome in persons aged 6\u201317 Years - United States, 2007.","volume":"58","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"ref-6","first-page":"463-9","article-title":"An epidemiologic study of Tourette's syndrome in a single school district.","volume":"51","author":"D Comings","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129-36","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830120067012","article-title":"The Great Smoky Mountains Study of Youth. 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epidemiological study of tic disorders in an elementary school at Taipei County.","volume":"25","author":"H Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Dev."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-1518\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-1518\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-1518\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T07:30:14Z","timestamp":1672817414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-1518\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,7]]},"references-count":41,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.7196.2","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.10427.r16869","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.10427.r16867","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.10427.r16869","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.10427.r16867","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-1518\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.7752.r14613, Kerstin J. Plessen, Julie Hagstr\u00f8m, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, \u00a0Copenhagen, Denmark, 12 Jul 2016, version 1, 1 approved","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-1518\/v1#referee-response-14613","order":0,"name":"referee-response-14613","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Kevin J Black<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 12 Jul 2016<\/i>; We appreciate the thoughtful suggestions from Drs. Plessen and&nbsp;Hagstr&oslash;m.  Our primary intent was to help lay people decide whether they (or their child) had any tics, not to distinguish which tics they had. I see from your response that we did not make that point clear. I think there are benefits to presenting and asking about different tics separately, even for our more limited goal, but your perspective also suggests an opportunity to shorten or otherwise improve on the video.  You wrote,&nbsp;&quot;some of the video clips present one separate tic, whereas several tics are present in the video.&quot;&nbsp;I believe you are saying that some video clips may show two tics while the narration is discussing only one of them. If I understood that correctly, it's a good point that we had not considered. We may be able to address that in a future version of the video.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-1518\/v2#referee-comment-2074","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-2074","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.10427.r16867, David R. Shprecher, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA, 31 Oct 2016, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-1518\/v2#referee-response-16867","order":2,"name":"referee-response-16867","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Kevin J Black<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 31 Oct 2016<\/i>; I am very appreciative of Dr. Shprecher's thoughtful comments.  We envisioned VISIT-TS being used primarily for screening, a setting in which sensitivity was more of a concern than specificity, so we were trying to be inclusive. Still, in retrospect, I think overall I&nbsp;agree with the suggestions on compulsions and other repetitive behaviors. &nbsp; The comment about DSM-IV-TR is correct, but we chose to leave in the 3 questions about timing (&quot;many times a day most days,&quot; &quot;kept happening over a period of a year or more,&quot; and no 3-month period without tics). We argue that the 3-month question can simply be ignored for DSM-5, and my colleagues and I (at least) are still interested in DSM-IV-TR diagnoses. Nevertheless, to best fit DSM-5, which removed the &quot;many times a day ... nearly every day&quot; requirement, we probably should add a question like,&nbsp;&quot;Was your first tic at least one year before your most recent tic?&quot; &nbsp; Similarly, we may consider changing&nbsp;the age of onset question to ask for a(n approximate) age rather than a dichotomous yes or no regarding before age 18. My read of the science is that the age limit should probably be around age 21-25, and the TSSG criteria required age 21 rather than 18 [1]. &nbsp; The comments on the introduction and discussion are also helpful.  Again, thanks.  [1]&nbsp;The Tourette Syndrome Classification Study Group. Definitions and classification of tic disorders.&nbsp;\n<i>Arch Neurol<\/i>. 1993 Oct. 50(10):1013-6.&nbsp;[Medline].","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-1518\/v2#referee-comment-2261","order":3,"name":"referee-comment-2261","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.10427.r16869, Shawn Smyth, James R. Bra\u0161i\u0107, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, 07 Nov 2016, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-1518\/v2#referee-response-16869","order":4,"name":"referee-response-16869","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Kevin J Black<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 31 Mar 2022<\/i>; A survey of parents in three countries showed that reactions to tics differed among the countries, whereas severity of tics was similar (Stiede et al, 2021). This finding supports an additional possible hypothesis to explain the differences in tic prevalence among Americans of different racial or ethnic backgrounds; namely, that some groups may be more accepting of differences in behavior or have concerns (such as consequences of racism) that push attention to tics onto the back burner.  Stiede JT, Woods DW, Anderson S, Eapen V, Gev E, Latimer R, Bredesen AM:&nbsp;Cultural differences in reactions to tics and tic severity. Child &amp;&nbsp;Family Behavior Therapy 43(3):161-180, 2021. DOI&nbsp;10.1080\/07317107.2021.1940586","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-1518\/v2#article-response-8042","order":5,"name":"article-response-8042","label":"Article Comment","group":{"name":"article-comments","label":"Article Comments"}},{"value":"<b>Kevin J Black<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 24 Oct 2020<\/i>; On re-reading the epidemological study by Gadow et al,\n<sup>1<\/sup>&nbsp;&quot;A significantly higher percentage of African\u2013American&nbsp;than white children received tic ratings in preschool (35%&nbsp;versus 17%) and elementary school (11% versus 3%), but not&nbsp;secondary school (11% versus 7%).&quot; They speculated that this result might be explained by the higher rate of ADHD in&nbsp;African\u2013American children and the higher rate of tics in ADHD.\n<sup>2<\/sup>&nbsp;This adds another study to those noted above showing higher rates of tic disorders in Black children in the U.S.  1. Gadow KD, Nolan EE, Sprafkin J, Schwartz J:&nbsp;Tics and psychiatric&nbsp;comorbidity in&nbsp;children and&nbsp;adolescents. Dev Med Child Neurol 2002; 44:330-338. 2. Black KJ: Tics in ADHD. 27 Feb 2019. https:\/\/tics.wustl.edu\/tics-in-adhd\/&nbsp;Accessed 24 Oct 2020.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-1518\/v2#article-response-6062","order":6,"name":"article-response-6062","label":"Article Comment","group":{"name":"article-comments","label":"Article Comments"}},{"value":"<b>Kevin J Black<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 28 Aug 2017<\/i>; Appendix 1 above omits explanatory text we added to 2 questions, intended to reduce false positives. Here is the missing text:  3.&nbsp; Have you ever had eyebrow tics? \n<i>Don\u2019t count little twitches of your eyelids that only happen for a few hours, once in a great while, and are probably too small for other people to notice.<\/i>   7.&nbsp; Have you sometimes repeated sounds over and over, like clicking, clucking, humming, grunting or smacking? \n<i>Don\u2019t count humming music to yourself that you do on purpose or for fun<\/i>.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-1518\/v2#article-response-2979","order":7,"name":"article-response-2979","label":"Article Comment","group":{"name":"article-comments","label":"Article Comments"}},{"value":"<b>Kevin J Black<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 31 Jan 2017<\/i>; Additional video resources on TS include:  Jankovic J. A Video Guide to the Diagnosis of Tourette Syndrome. Tourette Syndrome Association, www.tsa-usa.org, 2008. Video atlas supplement to: Singer HS, Mink JW, Gilbert DL, Jankovic J. Movement Disorders in Childhood, 2nd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann (Elsevier), Philadelphia, PA, 2016:1-587.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-1518\/v2#article-response-2463","order":8,"name":"article-response-2463","label":"Article Comment","group":{"name":"article-comments","label":"Article Comments"}},{"value":"Funded by research grants from the Tourette Syndrome Association to CWS and by the National Institutes of Health (K24 MH087913, to KJB). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":9,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}