{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:05:31Z","timestamp":1790629531545,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,16]],"date-time":"2016-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455580800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    There have been recent advances in the classification and management of chronic urticaria. The new term chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) has replaced chronic idiopathic urticaria and chronic autoimmune urticaria. In addition, chronic inducible urticaria (CINDU) has replaced physical urticaria and includes other forms of inducible urticaria, such as cholinergic and aquagenic urticaria. Furthermore, novel research has resulted in a new understanding with guidelines being revised in the past year by both the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (AAAAI) and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)\/Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA\n                    <ns4:sup>2<\/ns4:sup>\n                    LEN)\/European Dermatology Forum (EDF)\/World Allergy Organization (WAO). There are some differences in the recommendations, which will be discussed, but the core updates are common to both groups. The basic treatment for chronic urticaria involves second-generation non-sedating non-impairing H\n                    <ns4:sub>1<\/ns4:sub>\n                    antihistamines as first-line treatment. This is followed by up to a 4-fold increase in the licensed dose of these H\n                    <ns4:sub>1<\/ns4:sub>\n                    antihistamines. The major therapeutic advance in recent years has been in third-line treatment with omalizumab, a humanized monoclonal anti-immunoglobulin E (anti-IgE) antibody that prevents binding of IgE to the high-affinity IgE receptor. Several multicenter randomized controlled trials have shown safety and efficacy of omalizumab for CSU. There are also some small studies showing efficacy of omalizumab in CINDU. While there were previously many treatment options which were lacking in strong evidence, we are moving into an era where the treatment algorithm for chronic urticaria is simplified and contains more evidence-based, effective, and less toxic treatment options.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7246.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,16]],"date-time":"2016-02-16T08:45:05Z","timestamp":1455612305000},"page":"177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Advances in Understanding and Managing Chronic Urticaria"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Yasmin","family":"Moolani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Lynde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Sussman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317-330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2010.02496.x","article-title":"Unmet clinical needs in chronic spontaneous urticaria. 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Fedorowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"ref-14","article-title":"Xolair\u00ae Omalizumab","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337-342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.04.036","article-title":"The potential pharmacologic mechanisms of omalizumab in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria.","volume":"135","author":"T Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"ref-16","article-title":"\"Novartis Announces US FDA Approval of Xolair\u00ae for Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria (CIU).\"","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref-17","article-title":"\"Novartis Announces That Xolair\u00ae Is Approved in Canada as a Licensed Therapy for Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria (CIU) Patients Unresponsive to Antihistamines","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924-935","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215372","article-title":"Omalizumab for the treatment of chronic idiopathic or spontaneous 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(CU).","volume":"29","author":"M Maurer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol 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