{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T21:04:35Z","timestamp":1788815075186,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.73272.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.73272.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.73272.3","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000}}],"reference-count":32,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNESCo UNISA Chair in nanoscience and nanotechnology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background:\u00a0<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Nanoparticles are globally synthesized for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, catalytic, magnetic, optical, and electronic properties that have put them at the forefront of a wide variety of studies. Among them, zinc oxide (ZnO) has received\u00a0much\u00a0consideration due to its technological and medicinal applications.\u00a0In this study, we report on the synthesis process of\u00a0ZnO\u00a0nanoparticles using\u00a0\n                    <ns4:italic>Athrixia\u00a0phylicoides<\/ns4:italic>\n                    \u00a0DC natural extract as\u00a0a\u00a0reducing agent.\u00a0\u00a0\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    \u00a0Liquid\u00a0chromatography\u2013mass\u00a0spectrometry\u00a0(LC-MS) was used to identify the compounds responsible for the synthesis of\u00a0ZnO\u00a0nanoparticles. Structural, morphological and optical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles have been characterized through X-ray\u00a0diffraction (XRD),\u00a0Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis),\u00a0Fourier\u00a0transform\u00a0infrared spectroscopy\u00a0(FTIR),\u00a0scanning\u00a0electron\u00a0microscopy (SEM) and\u00a0energy-dispersive\u00a0X-ray\u00a0spectroscopy (EDS).\u00a0\u00a0\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    \u00a0LC-MS results showed\u00a0that different flavonoids and polyphenols, as well as Coumarin, an aromatic compound, reacted with the precursor to form\u00a0ZnO\u00a0nanoparticles. XRD and UV-Vis\u00a0analysis confirmed the synthesis of\u00a0ZnO\u00a0nanoparticles, with a spherical shape showed in SEM images. The quasi-spherical\u00a0ZnO\u00a0crystals had an average crystallite size of 24 nm. EDS and FTIR analysis confirmed that the powders were pure with no other phase or impurity.\u00a0\u00a0\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    \u00a0This study successfully demonstrated that the natural plant extract of\u00a0\n                    <ns4:italic>A.\u00a0phylicoides<\/ns4:italic>\n                    \u00a0DC. can be used in the bio-reduction of zinc nitrate hexahydrate to prepare pure\u00a0ZnO\u00a0nanoparticles, thus, extending the use of this plant to an industrial level.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.73272.4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T11:09:57Z","timestamp":1661252997000},"page":"1077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Green synthesis and characterization of\u00a0zinc oxide\u00a0nanoparticles using bush tea (Athrixia\u00a0phylicoides\u00a0DC) natural extract: assessment of the synthesis process."],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3849-8011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Amani","family":"Kaningini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shohreh","family":"Azizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hlengilizwe","family":"Nyoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3623-6421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fhatuwani Nixwel","family":"Mudau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keletso Cecilia","family":"Mohale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malik","family":"Maaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406-413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reffit.2017.03.002","article-title":"A review on green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles\u2013An eco-friendly approach.","volume":"3","author":"H Agarwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Resour. 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I would like to highlight some particulars regarding the work we have done according to the comments:  The study was to confirm the ability of bush tea to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles as the title indicates \u201cassessment of the synthesis process\u201d. This is the reason why we explain and highlight the different compounds involved in the synthesis process, the ZnO nanoparticles being the end product of our work we haven\u2019t tested it for any practical use. However, further work is undergoing for their use as fertilizers or growth-promoting agents. &nbsp; We would really like to add the TEM images, however, we have found ourselves limited to the characterization techniques that we have cited in the work. I do believe that the SEM images of the nanoparticles are enough. &nbsp; We have worked on the bandgap energy (UV-Vis results). &nbsp; We have added the FTIR results of the bush tea leaves extract as recommended.","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/10-1077\/v4#referee-comment-7501","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-7501","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.125894.r134572, Saeid Taghavi Fardood, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran, 11 May 2022, version 3, 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/10-1077\/v3#referee-response-134572","order":2,"name":"referee-response-134572","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.125894.r145453, Karina Ch\u00e1vez, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Metalurgia y Materiales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, UMSNH, Morelia, Mexico, 12 Aug 2022, version 3, 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/10-1077\/v3#referee-response-145453","order":3,"name":"referee-response-145453","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.137542.r150557, Hanady S. Al-Shmgani, Biology Department, College of Education for Pure Science\/Ibn al-Haitham, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq, 28 Sep 2022, version 4, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/10-1077\/v4#referee-response-150557","order":4,"name":"referee-response-150557","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This research was generously supported by the University of South Africa, iThemba LABS, the UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, to whom we are all grateful. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":5,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}