{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:01:56Z","timestamp":1787166116262,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,12]],"date-time":"2016-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455235200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Despite many advances in our understanding of ischemic stroke, cryptogenic strokes (those that do not have a determined etiology) remain a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Previous classification approaches to cryptogenic stroke have led to inconsistent definitions, and evidence to determine optimal treatment is scarce. These limitations have prompted international efforts to redefine cryptogenic strokes, leading to more rigorous diagnostic criteria, outcome studies, and new clinical trials. Improvement in our ability to detect paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke has strengthened the idea that these strokes are embolic in nature. Further, better understanding of acute biomarkers has helped to identify otherwise occult mechanisms. Together, these strategies will inform long-term outcomes and shape management.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7384.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,12]],"date-time":"2016-02-12T11:54:11Z","timestamp":1455278051000},"page":"168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Diagnosis, prognosis, and management of cryptogenic stroke"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Cen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Kasner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26-33","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.1.26","article-title":"Clinical outcome in 287 consecutive young adults (15 to 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Schwarzbach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44959","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044959","article-title":"Clues to occult cancer in patients with ischemic stroke.","volume":"7","author":"S Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406-13","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2015.1057612","article-title":"Undetermined stroke with an embolic pattern--a common phenotype with high early recurrence risk.","volume":"47","author":"J Putaala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Med."},{"key":"ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2087-93","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.009334","article-title":"Embolic Strokes of Undetermined Source in the Athens Stroke Registry: An Outcome Analysis.","volume":"46","author":"G 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