{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T23:11:16Z","timestamp":1780441876857,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,9]],"date-time":"2016-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurologic and behavioral disorder consisting of motor and phonic tics with onset in childhood or adolescence. The severity of tics can range from barely perceptible to severely impairing due to social embarrassment, discomfort, self-injury, and interference with daily functioning and school or work performance. In addition to tics, most patients with TS have a variety of behavioral comorbidities, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Studies evaluating the pathophysiology of tics have pointed towards dysfunction of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit, but the mechanism of this hyperkinetic movement disorder is not well understood. Treatment of TS is multidisciplinary, typically involving behavioral therapy, oral medications, and botulinum toxin injections. Deep brain stimulation may be considered for \u201cmalignant\u201d TS that is refractory to conventional therapy. In this review, we will highlight recent developments in the understanding and management strategies of TS.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7424.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,9]],"date-time":"2016-02-09T09:07:22Z","timestamp":1455008842000},"page":"152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Recent Advances in Understanding and Managing Tourette Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Mary Ann","family":"Thenganatt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Jankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171-2175","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23199","article-title":"Tourette's syndrome in adults.","volume":"25","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100-112","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70213-8","article-title":"Sensory aspects of movement disorders.","volume":"13","author":"N Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2420-2424","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7856-7","article-title":"Speech and voice disorders in patients with psychogenic movement disorders.","volume":"262","author":"J Baizabal-Carvallo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205-224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2014.09.013","article-title":"Psychogenic movement disorders.","volume":"33","author":"M Thenganatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Clin."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573-575","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-305594","article-title":"The clinical features of psychogenic movement disorders resembling tics.","volume":"85","author":"J Baizabal-Carvallo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","article-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition","author":"A Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221-228","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26089","article-title":"Population prevalence of Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"30","author":"J Scharf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325-333","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2650","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence, age of risk, and genetic relationships of comorbid psychiatric disorders in Tourette syndrome.","volume":"72","author":"M Hirschtritt","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA psychiatry."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179-1183","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26333","article-title":"Neuroimaging of tic genesis: Present status and future perspectives.","volume":"30","author":"Y Worbe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359-362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2014.03.005","article-title":"Progress in research on Tourette syndrome.","volume":"3","author":"K Black","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655-661","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26207","article-title":"Altered structure of cortical sulci in gilles de la Tourette syndrome: Further support for abnormal brain development.","volume":"30","author":"J Muellner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431-435","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26151","article-title":"Aberrant cortical associative plasticity associated with severe adult Tourette syndrome.","volume":"30","author":"J Mart\u00edn-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523-1531","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25960","article-title":"Cortical and brainstem plasticity in Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"29","author":"A Suppa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472-482","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu311","article-title":"Altered structural connectivity of cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic networks in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.","volume":"138","author":"Y Worbe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171-1178","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26304","article-title":"Pathophysiology of tic disorders.","volume":"30","author":"D Yael","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00362","article-title":"Imaging the where and when of tic generation and resting state networks in adult Tourette patients.","volume":"8","author":"I Neuner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"key":"ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5834-5846","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22588","article-title":"Role of the sensorimotor cortex in Tourette syndrome using multimodal imaging.","volume":"35","author":"S Tinaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174-181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2013.11.011","article-title":"Altered intrahemispheric structural connectivity in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.","volume":"4","author":"B Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1926-1936","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws104","article-title":"Widespread abnormality of the \u03b3-aminobutyric acid-ergic system in Tourette syndrome.","volume":"135","author":"A Lerner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277-291","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22206","article-title":"Decreased number of parvalbumin and cholinergic interneurons in the striatum of individuals with Tourette syndrome.","volume":"518","author":"Y Kataoka","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol."},{"key":"ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190-1197","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26230","article-title":"Role of the right dorsal anterior insula in the urge to tic in Tourette syndrome.","volume":"30","author":"S Tinaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813-818","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.4.813","article-title":"Bilineal transmission in Tourette syndrome.","volume":"53","author":"P Hanna","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380-385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2014.06.003","article-title":"The Inheritance of Tourette Disorder: A review.","volume":"3","author":"D Pauls","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord."},{"key":"ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787-793","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0627","article-title":"Familial Risks of Tourette Syndrome and Chronic Tic Disorders. A Population-Based Cohort Study.","volume":"72","author":"D Mataix-Cols","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA psychiatry."},{"key":"ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203-213","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.26","article-title":"The genetics of Tourette syndrome.","volume":"8","author":"H Deng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901-1908","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907006","article-title":"L-histidine decarboxylase and Tourette's syndrome.","volume":"362","author":"A Ercan-Sencicek","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760-764","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2013-101637","article-title":"Support of the histaminergic hypothesis in Tourette syndrome: association of the histamine decarboxylase gene in a large sample of families.","volume":"50","author":"I Karagiannidis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Genet."},{"key":"ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721-728","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.69","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of Tourette's syndrome.","volume":"18","author":"J Scharf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310-315","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24215","article-title":"Genetic association signal near NTN4 in Tourette syndrome.","volume":"76","author":"P Paschou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910-919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.04.022","article-title":"Copy number variation in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome: a cross-disorder study.","volume":"53","author":"L McGrath","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82-93","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13101306","article-title":"Cross-disorder genome-wide analyses suggest a complex genetic relationship between Tourette's syndrome and OCD.","volume":"172","author":"D Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390-1396","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181a187dd","article-title":"Striatal [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine and [11C]methylphenidate binding in Tourette syndrome.","volume":"72","author":"R Albin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445-480","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411546-0.00015-9","article-title":"Emerging treatment strategies in Tourette syndrome: what's in the pipeline?","volume":"112","author":"C Termine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566-1573","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26414","article-title":"Therapeutic developments for tics and myoclonus.","volume":"30","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281-349","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411546-0.00010-X","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology of dopamine-modulating agents in Tourette's syndrome.","volume":"112","author":"S Mogwitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126-130","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25692","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of fluphenazine in patients with Tourette syndrome.","volume":"29","author":"S Wijemanne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162-1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.09.008","article-title":"Systematic review: pharmacological treatment of tic disorders--efficacy of antipsychotic and alpha-2 adrenergic agonist agents.","volume":"37","author":"H Weisman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548-550","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e31825ac2cb","article-title":"Aripiprazole for the treatment of Tourette syndrome: a case series of 100 patients.","volume":"32","author":"C Wenzel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e772-80","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.12m08189","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with Tourette's disorder.","volume":"74","author":"H Yoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11-8","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2498","article-title":"Aripiprazole for Tourette's syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"31","author":"W Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147-152","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23402","article-title":"Tardive dyskinesia and other movement disorders secondary to aripiprazole.","volume":"26","author":"M Pe\u00f1a","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26-30","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000017","article-title":"A D1 receptor antagonist, ecopipam, for treatment of tics in Tourette syndrome.","volume":"37","author":"D Gilbert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193-197","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21222","article-title":"Long-term tolerability of tetrabenazine in the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders.","volume":"22","author":"C Kenney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487-1504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2012.06.010","article-title":"Tetrabenazine for the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders: a review of the literature.","volume":"34","author":"J Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Ther."},{"key":"ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443-459","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-200828070-00006","article-title":"Tourette's syndrome and role of tetrabenazine: review and personal experience.","volume":"28","author":"M Porta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig."},{"key":"ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259-264","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WNF.0000228369.25593.35","article-title":"Is history of depression a contraindication to treatment with tetrabenazine?","volume":"29","author":"C Kenney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509-1523","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.11.149","article-title":"Tetrabenazine for the treatment of chorea and other hyperkinetic movement disorders.","volume":"11","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother."},{"key":"ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373-389","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411546-0.00012-3","article-title":"Antiepileptic drugs and Tourette syndrome.","volume":"112","author":"A Cavanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Rev Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344-350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2013.05.002","article-title":"Topiramate for Tourette's syndrome in children: a meta-analysis.","volume":"49","author":"C Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol."},{"key":"ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70-73","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.185348","article-title":"A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of topiramate in the treatment of Tourette syndrome.","volume":"81","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/2042533312472115","article-title":"An evidence-based review of botulinum toxin (Botox) applications in non-cosmetic head and neck conditions.","volume":"4","author":"R Persaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"JRSM Short Rep."},{"key":"ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190-1193","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.8.1190","article-title":"Botulinum toxin in the treatment of tics.","volume":"57","author":"C Kwak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605-610","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.5.605","article-title":"Botulinum toxin for simple motor tics: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial.","volume":"56","author":"C Marras","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420-423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-003-0201-4","article-title":"Treatment of phonic tics in patients with Tourette's syndrome using botulinum toxin type A.","volume":"24","author":"M Porta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurol Sci."},{"key":"ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743-1750","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21599","article-title":"Malignant Tourette syndrome.","volume":"22","author":"M Cheung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2456-2473","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.6358","article-title":"Cannabinoids for Medical Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","volume":"313","author":"P Whiting","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119-124","DOI":"10.3233\/BEN-120276","article-title":"Treatment of Tourette syndrome with cannabinoids.","volume":"27","author":"K M\u00fcller-Vahl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Neurol."},{"key":"ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313-327","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26142","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for movement disorders.","volume":"30","author":"B Kluger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD006565","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006565.pub2","article-title":"Cannabinoids for Tourette's Syndrome.","author":"A Curtis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929-1937","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.607","article-title":"Behavior therapy for children with Tourette disorder: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"303","author":"J Piacentini","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795-803","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1528","article-title":"Randomized trial of behavior therapy for adults with Tourette syndrome.","volume":"69","author":"S Wilhelm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106-112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.12.009","article-title":"A meta-analysis of behavior therapy for Tourette Syndrome.","volume":"50","author":"J McGuire","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179-1183","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25488","article-title":"Current controversies on the role of behavior therapy in Tourette syndrome.","volume":"28","author":"L Scahill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506-1514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.05.019","article-title":"Long-term outcome of globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation in patients with Tourette syndrome.","volume":"89","author":"J Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc."},{"key":"ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91-100","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001004","article-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: What Does the Future Hold? A Cohort of 48 Patients.","volume":"78","author":"D Servello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"key":"ref-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595-605","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00008-3","article-title":"Bilateral globus pallidus stimulation for severe Tourette's syndrome: a double-blind, randomised crossover trial.","volume":"14","author":"Z Kefalopoulou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00170","article-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation in Tourette's Syndrome.","volume":"6","author":"A Fraint","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"ref-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629-632","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-010-0851-y","article-title":"Tourette syndrome (TS) bears a higher rate of inflammatory complications at the implanted hardware in deep brain stimulation (DBS).","volume":"153","author":"D Servello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)."},{"key":"ref-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85-94","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.580","article-title":"A trial of scheduled deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome: moving away from continuous deep brain stimulation paradigms.","volume":"70","author":"M Okun","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref-70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122-131","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2015.11.2.122","article-title":"Chasing tics in the human brain: development of open, scheduled and closed loop responsive approaches to deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome.","volume":"11","author":"L Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol."},{"key":"ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448-471","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26094","article-title":"Tourette syndrome deep brain stimulation: a review and updated recommendations.","volume":"30","author":"L Schrock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"ref-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213-224","DOI":"10.1159\/000337776","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome: target selection.","volume":"90","author":"A Viswanathan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563-565","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00043-5","article-title":"Design challenges for stimulation trials of Tourette's syndrome.","volume":"14","author":"J Jimenez-Shahed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref-74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407-414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2014.04.006","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of Tourette syndrome.","volume":"3","author":"D Gilbert","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord."}],"container-title":["F1000Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-152\/v1\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-152\/v1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-152\/v1\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,22]],"date-time":"2019-03-22T10:42:11Z","timestamp":1553251331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-152\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,9]]},"references-count":74,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.7424.1","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.8001.r12333","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.8001.r12335","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.8001.r12334","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.8001.r12333","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.8001.r12334","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5256\/f1000research.8001.r12335","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-152\/v1#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.8001.r12333, Andrea Cavanna, Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, The Barberry National Centre for Mental Health, Birmingham, UK, 09 Feb 2016, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-152\/v1#referee-response-12333","order":0,"name":"referee-response-12333","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.8001.r12334, Jonathan W. Mink, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 09 Feb 2016, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-152\/v1#referee-response-12334","order":1,"name":"referee-response-12334","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.8001.r12335, Mark Hallett, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, USA, Bethesda, MD, USA, 09 Feb 2016, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-152\/v1#referee-response-12335","order":2,"name":"referee-response-12335","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"Dr. Jankovic has received research grants from Allergan, Inc; Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc; Lundbeck Inc; Medtronic; Merz Pharma; Psyadon Pharmaceuticals, Inc; St. Jude Medical; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}