{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:04:56Z","timestamp":1791309896057,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,6]],"date-time":"2016-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473120000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects approximately 240 million individuals worldwide. Recent advances in the virology, immunopathogenesis, and diagnosis of HBV infection are summarized in this review article. The identification of a hepatocyte-specific cellular receptor for HBV, the sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP), made it possible to develop reliable cell culture systems and better understand the early steps of the viral lifecycle. Viral and host factors involved in covalently closed circular DNA synthesis, stability, and transcriptional regulation have also been identified and provide potential targets for new drugs. Based on recent evidence showing trained immunity in immune-tolerant patients, the immune tolerance and immune clearance phases have been renamed the non-inflammatory and inflammatory phases, respectively. New diagnostic and monitoring tools are now available, including rapid diagnostic tests for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) detection, HBsAg quantification assays, anti-HBc antibody quantification assays, an HBV core-related antigen (HBcrAg) quantification test, new HBV DNA detection and quantification assays, and an HBV RNA quantification test. Their clinical utility is under study. Finally, new antiviral and immune modulation approaches are in the preclinical or early clinical developmental stages, with the goal to achieve functional cure or ideally (if possible) eradication of HBV infection.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.8983.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,6]],"date-time":"2016-09-06T12:10:08Z","timestamp":1473163808000},"page":"2243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Recent advances in understanding and diagnosing hepatitis B virus infection"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Slim","family":"Fourati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Pawlotsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117-71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61682-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.","volume":"385","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546-55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61412-X","article-title":"Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published 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status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.9663.r16126, Brian J. McMahon, Liver Disease and Hepatitis Program, Division of Community Health Services, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, USA, 06 Sep 2016, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-2243\/v1#referee-response-16126","order":0,"name":"referee-response-16126","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.9663.r16125, Harry Janssen, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 06 Sep 2016, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-2243\/v1#referee-response-16125","order":1,"name":"referee-response-16125","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"Slim Fourati has received a travel grant from Beckman-Coulter. Jean-Michel Pawlotsky has received research grants from Gilead.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}