{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T07:51:21Z","timestamp":1789717881647,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,22]],"date-time":"2016-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482364800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["F1000Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>The increasing insight into pathomechanisms of dysregulated host response in several inflammatory diseases led to the implementation of the term \u201ccytokine storm\u201d in the literature more than 20 years ago. Direct toxic effects as well as indirect immunomodulatory mechanisms during cytokine storm have been described and were the basis for the rationale to use several substances and devices in life-threatening infections and hyperinflammatory states. Clinical trials have been performed, most of them in the form of minor, investigator-initiated protocols; major clinical trials focused mostly on sepsis and septic shock. The following review tries to summarize the background, pathophysiology, and results of clinical investigations that had implications for the development of therapeutic strategies and international guidelines for the management of hyperinflammation during syndromes of cytokine storm in adult patients, predominantly in septic shock.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.9092.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,22]],"date-time":"2016-12-22T17:10:09Z","timestamp":1482426609000},"page":"2909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Agents to reduce cytokine 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status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.9786.r18745, William J Murphy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA, 22 Dec 2016, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-2909\/v1#referee-response-18745","order":0,"name":"referee-response-18745","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.9786.r18746, Antonio Artigas, Critical Care Center, Sabadell Hospital, Corporaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Universit\u00e0ria Parc Taul\u00ed, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain, 22 Dec 2016, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-2909\/v1#referee-response-18746","order":1,"name":"referee-response-18746","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.5256\/f1000research.9786.r18747, Michael Bauer, 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