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In South Africa, an estimated 322,000 (range 230,000-428,000) people were infected with TB in 2017, and a quarter of them lost their lives due to the disease. Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) remains the only effective vaccine against disseminated TB, but its inability to confer complete protection against pulmonary TB in adolescents and adults calls for an urgent need to develop new and better vaccines. There is also a need to identify markers of disease protection and develop novel drugs. It is within this backdrop that we convened a nanosymposium at the Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine at the University of Cape Town to commemorate World TB Day and showcase recent findings generated by early career scientists in the institute. The speakers spoke on four broad topics: identification of novel drug targets, development of host-directed drug therapies, transmission of TB and immunology of TB\/HIV co-infections.\n                  <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.13035.4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T06:55:17Z","timestamp":1590648917000},"page":"1491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/gatesopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intervening along the spectrum of tuberculosis: meeting report from the World TB Day nanosymposium in the Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine at the University of Cape Town"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6049-8395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabelo","family":"Hadebe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Chengalroyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reto","family":"Guler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kehilwe","family":"Nakedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohau","family":"Makatsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8776-4737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muki","family":"Shey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suraj P.","family":"Parihar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1716-6712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan","family":"Bryson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7476-1652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohlopheni J.","family":"Marakalala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0137-1439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hlumani","family":"Ndlovu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","article-title":"Global tuberculosis report 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Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/gatesopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-1491\/v4\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/gatesopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-1491\/v4\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/gatesopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-1491\/v4\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T16:30:10Z","timestamp":1637339410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gatesopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-1491\/v4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]},"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/gatesopenres.13035.4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2572-4754"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2572-4754","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/gatesopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-1491\/v4#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.21956\/gatesopenres.14148.r27372, Larry S. Schlesinger, Texas Biomedical Research Institute\u00a0(Texas Biomed), San Antonio, TX, USA, 02 Jul 2019, version 1, 1 approved","URL":"https:\/\/gatesopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-1491\/v1#referee-response-27372","order":0,"name":"referee-response-27372","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Sabelo Hadebe<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 22 Jul 2019<\/i>; - Page 3, first paragraph after the disclaimer: \u201cInterestingly, almost one-third of the world population that is exposed to Mtb\u2026control infection\u2026latently infected.\u201d Given current thoughts in the field, I would suggest changing the beginning of the sentence to something like: \u201cRealizing the limitations of the TST and IGRA, it has been estimated (or it is assumed) that almost one-third\u2026\u201d.\n<b>Response:<\/b> Thank you for this comment, this is absolutely true, we have changed the sentence as suggested.- Page 3, third paragraph: \u201c\u2026mechanisms mycobacteria interferes with\u201d should be \u201c\u2026mechanisms by which mycobacteria interfere with\u2026\u201d.\n<b>Response:<\/b> changed as suggested.- Page 3, regarding the para graph about PknG: Has it ever been proven that this enzyme enters the cytosol? It would be important to know regarding its presumed functions.\n<b>Response:<\/b> The enzyme is predicted to be secreted into the cytosol, but there is no biochemical proof that has definitely shown that it is in the cytosol.&nbsp;- The manuscript uses both tuberculosis and TB...should stick with TB once defined.\n<b>Response:<\/b> changed, Tuberculosis has been used once in Abstract followed by abbreviation TB in brackets, TB is then used throughout.&nbsp;- Page 3, last sentence paragraph 5: \u201ccandidates targets\u201d should be \u201ccandidate targets\u201d.- Page 3, paragraph 6: Is it repurposed drug or drugs? Also which drug is \u201cthis drug\u201d?\n<b>Response:<\/b> barberine, this has been added in main article now.- Page 4, first paragraph: \u201ccapturing Mtb such as respiratory\u2026.\u201d Would add \u201cthe\u201d after as.\n<b>Response:<\/b> changed as suggested.- Page 4, third paragraph: \u201cTB a highest contributor\u2026\u201d Would change \u201ca\u201d to \u201cthe\u201d.\n<b>Response:<\/b> changed as suggested- Page 4, 5\n<sup>th<\/sup>&nbsp;paragraph: \u201c\u2026after presenting to hospital\u2026\u201d Would add \u201cthe\u201d after to.\n<b>Response:<\/b> changed as suggested.- Page 4, 6\n<sup>th<\/sup>&nbsp;paragraph: \u201callows\u201d appears twice and should be followed by \u201cfor\u201d.\n<b>Response:<\/b> changed as suggested.","URL":"https:\/\/gatesopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-1491\/v4#referee-comment-3197","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-3197","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/gatesopenres.14231.r28220, Graham H. Bothamley, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Homerton University Hospital, London, UK, 20 May 2020, version 3, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/gatesopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-1491\/v3#referee-response-28220","order":2,"name":"referee-response-28220","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Sabelo Hadebe<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 21 May 2020<\/i>; \n<b>Response to reviewer:<\/b>The remaining comments are details, apart from swapping references 2 and 3:&nbsp;1. Reference 2 should be reference 3 and vice versa to make sense with the text.\n<i><b>Responses:<\/b> We thank the reviewer for highlighting this oversight, we have changed references accordingly in the revised manuscript.<\/i>2. Page 4, paragraph 5, line 15: \u201cthat pathogenic mycobacteria survive\u2026\u201d not \u201csurvives\u201d.\n<i><b>Responses: <\/b>We thank the reviewer for highlighting this oversight, we have changed survives to \u201csurvive\u201d in the revised manuscript.<\/i>3. Page 5, paragraph 5, line 4: \u201cmaking TB the highest contributor\u201d instead of \u201cmaking the TB a highest contributor\u201d.\n<i><b>Responses:<\/b> We thank the reviewer for highlighting this oversight, we have changed \u201cmaking TB a highest contributor\u201d to \u201cmaking TB the highest contributor\u201d in the revised manuscript.<\/i>4. Page 5, paragraph 5, line 11: \u201cwho are also starting\u2026\u201d instead of \u201cwho also are starting\u2026\u201d\n<i><b>Responses: <\/b>We thank the reviewer for highlighting this oversight, we have changed \u201cwho also are starting\u2026\u201d to \u201cwho are also starting\u2026\u201d in the revised manuscript.<\/i>5. Page 6, paragraph 3, line 2: Perhaps replace \u201ca lot of research\u201d with \u201cimportant research\u201d?\n<i><b>Responses: <\/b>We thank the reviewer for the comment, we have changed \u201ca lot of research&quot; to \u201cimportant research\u201d in the revised manuscript.<\/i>","URL":"https:\/\/gatesopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-1491\/v4#referee-comment-3321","order":3,"name":"referee-comment-3321","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The work is supported by StatinTB EDCTP2 programme European Union (grant number RIA2017T-2004) to RG, Wellcome Trust (grant number 211360\/Z\/18\/Z) to MS, NRF Thuthuka Grant (117721), MRC (SA) SIR grant and Robert Bosch Stiftung Fellowship to SH, Faculty Research Committee (FRC): Start up emerging researcher award to MC, MRC (SA), the NRF and the Carnegie Corporation of New York under the Developing the Emerging Academic Leaders (DEAL) scheme to AK, MIT Biological Engineering and Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard to BB, Global Health Innovative Technology (GHIT) Fund- Japan (GHIT-RFP-TRP-2016-001) to SPP, NRF and NRF Innovative (grant number 98963 and 95984) PhD Scholarship UCT\/CSIR PhD Scholarship to KN, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (grant number OPP1210776), Wellcome Trust (grant number 206751\/Z\/17\/Z), MRC (SA) SIR grant, the NRF (SA), MRC (SA) Capacity Development Grant to MJM. NRF CSUR (Grant Number 116260), NRF Incentive grant For Rated Researchers (IPRR) (Grant Number 119071), NRF ERTTG (Grant Number 120164) and SA MRC Capacity Development Grant to HN. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":4,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}