{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T14:17:46Z","timestamp":1789827466758,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.13093.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591142400000}}],"reference-count":65,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591142400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/P025285\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P025285\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1154992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1154992"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["gatesopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gates Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background:\u00a0<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Results from an increasing number of studies suggest that mosquito excreta\/feces (E\/F) testing has considerable potential to serve as a supplement for traditional molecular xenomonitoring techniques. However, as the catalogue of possible use-cases for this methodology expands, and the list of amenable pathogens grows, a number of fundamental methods-based questions remain. Answering these questions is critical to maximizing the utility of this approach and to facilitating its successful implementation as an effective tool for molecular xenomonitoring.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods:\u00a0<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Utilizing E\/F produced by mosquitoes or tsetse flies experimentally exposed to\n                    <ns4:italic>Brugia malayi<\/ns4:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <ns4:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/ns4:italic>\n                    , or\n                    <ns4:italic>Trypanosoma brucei brucei<\/ns4:italic>\n                    , factors such as limits of detection, throughput of testing, adaptability to use with competent and incompetent vector species, and effects of additional blood feedings post parasite-exposure were evaluated.\u00a0 Two platforms for the detection of pathogen signal (quantitative real-time PCR and digital PCR (dPCR)) were also compared, with strengths and weaknesses examined for each. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results:\u00a0<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Experimental results indicated that high throughput testing is possible when evaluating mosquito E\/F for the presence of either\n                    <ns4:italic>B. malayi<\/ns4:italic>\n                    or\n                    <ns4:italic>P. falciparum<\/ns4:italic>\n                    from both competent and incompetent vector mosquito species.\u00a0 Furthermore, following exposure to pathogen, providing mosquitoes with a second, uninfected bloodmeal did not expand the temporal window for E\/F collection during which pathogen detection was possible.\u00a0 However, this collection window did appear longer in E\/F collected from tsetse flies following exposure to\n                    <ns4:italic>T. b. brucei<\/ns4:italic>\n                    .\u00a0 Testing also suggested that dPCR may facilitate detection through its increased sensitivity.\u00a0 Unfortunately, logistical obstacles will likely make the large-scale use of dPCR impractical for this purpose.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusions:\u00a0<\/ns4:bold>\n                    By examining many E\/F testing variables, expansion of this technology to a field-ready platform has become increasingly feasible.\u00a0 However, translation of this methodology from the lab to the field will first require field-based pilot studies aimed at assessing the efficacy of E\/F screening.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.13093.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T09:45:06Z","timestamp":1591177506000},"page":"1734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/gatesopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Laboratory 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status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.21956\/gatesopenres.14332.r28897, Ana L. Ramirez, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia, 17 Jun 2020, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/gatesopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-1734\/v2#referee-response-28897","order":0,"name":"referee-response-28897","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/gatesopenres.14242.r28626, Hans-Peter Fuehrer, Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria, 09 Mar 2020, version 1, 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/gatesopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-1734\/v1#referee-response-28626","order":1,"name":"referee-response-28626","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [OPP1154992]. This work was also supported by the Medical Research Council [MR\/P025285\/1]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}