{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T19:33:07Z","timestamp":1792524787809,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]],"date-time":"2020-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP51447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP51447"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["108819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108819"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000193","name":"International Development Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["108819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108819"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["gatesopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gates Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns5:p>\n                    <ns5:bold>Background<\/ns5:bold>\n                    : In India, about one million deaths occur every year due to smoking. Tobacco taxation is the most effective intervention in reducing smoking. In this paper, we examine the impact of a one-time large cigarette price increase, through an increase in excise tax, on health and financing outcomes in four Indian states.\n                  <\/ns5:p>\n                  <ns5:p>\n                    <ns5:bold>Methods<\/ns5:bold>\n                    : We used extended cost-effectiveness analysis to estimate, across income quintiles, the life-years gained, treatment cost averted, number of men avoiding catastrophic health expenditures and extreme poverty, additional tax revenue collected, and savings to the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) with a cigarette price increase to Indian Rupees (INR) 10 plus 10%\n                    <ns5:italic>ad valorem<\/ns5:italic>\n                    in four Indian states.\n                  <\/ns5:p>\n                  <ns5:p>\n                    <ns5:bold>Results<\/ns5:bold>\n                    : With the price increase, about 1.5 million men would quit smoking across the four states, with the bottom income group having 7.4 times as many quitters as the top income group (485,725 vs 65,762). As a result of quitting, about 665,000 deaths would be averted. This would yield about 11.9 million life-years, with the bottom income group gaining 7.3 times more than the top income group. Of the INR 1,729 crore in treatment cost averted, the bottom income group would avert 7.4 times more than the top income group. About 454,000 men would avoid catastrophic health expenditures and 75,000 men would avoid falling into extreme poverty. The treatment cost and impoverishment averted would save about INR 672 crore in AB-PMJAY. The tax increase would in turn, generate an additional tax revenue of about INR 4,385 crore. In contrast to the distribution of health benefits, the extra revenue generated from the top income group would be about 3.1 times that from the bottom income group.\n                  <\/ns5:p>\n                  <ns5:p>\n                    <ns5:bold>Conclusions<\/ns5:bold>\n                    : Cigarette tax increase can provide significant health and economic gains and is a pro-poor policy for India.\n                  <\/ns5:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.13127.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]],"date-time":"2020-05-11T07:35:09Z","timestamp":1589182509000},"page":"49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/gatesopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Impact of cigarette tax increase on health and financing outcomes in four Indian states"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6700-9996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daphne C.","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikas","family":"Sheel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pooja","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beverley M.","family":"Essue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linh","family":"Luong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabhat","family":"Jha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60-8","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1308383","article-title":"Global effects of smoking, of quitting, and of taxing tobacco.","volume":"370","author":"P Jha","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137-47","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa0707719","article-title":"A nationally representative case\u2013control study of smoking and death in India.","volume":"358","author":"P Jha","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341-50","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1211128","article-title":"21st-century hazards of smoking and benefits of cessation in the United States.","volume":"368","author":"P Jha","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-4","article-title":"Global Adult Tobacco Survey India GATS India 2009=10.","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref-5","article-title":"Global Adult Tobacco Survey GATS 2 India 2016-17.","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref-6","article-title":"Tobacco increases the poverty of individuals and families [Internet].","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref-7","article-title":"Curbing the epidemic - governments and the economics of tobacco control (English). 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Govinda Rao, Takshashila Institution, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, 26 May 2020, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/gatesopenresearch.org\/articles\/4-49\/v1#referee-response-28832","order":0,"name":"referee-response-28832","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/gatesopenres.14311.r28868, Rijo M. John, Centre for Public Policy Research (CPPR), Kochi, Kerala, India, 07 Jul 2020, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/gatesopenresearch.org\/articles\/4-49\/v1#referee-response-28868","order":1,"name":"referee-response-28868","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/gatesopenres.14311.r29608, Corn\u00e9 Van Walbeek, Research Unit on the Economics of Excisable Products, School of Economics, Faculty of Commerce, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, 09 Oct 2020, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/gatesopenresearch.org\/articles\/4-49\/v1#referee-response-29608","order":2,"name":"referee-response-29608","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work was supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation [OPP51447]\nThis work was also supported by the International Development Research Centre, Cancer Research UK [108819]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}