{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:11:33Z","timestamp":1772169093425,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.15489.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000}}],"reference-count":37,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-049314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-049314"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["gatesopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gates Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Background Wastewater (WW) -based epidemiology is the detection of pathogens and chemicals from wastewater, typically sewage systems. Its use gained popularity during the COVID-19 pandemic as a rapid and non-invasive way to assess infection prevalence in a population. Public facing dashboards for SARS-CoV-2 were developed in response to the discovery that RNA biomarkers were being shed in faeces before symptoms. However, there is not a standard template or guidance for countries to follow. The aim of this research is to reflect on how currently available dashboards evolved during the pandemic and identify suitable content and rationale from these experiences. Methods Interviews were carried out with implementers and users of dashboards for SARS-CoV-2 WW data across Europe and North America. The interviews addressed commonalities and inconsistencies in displaying epidemiological data of SARS-CoV-2, clinical parameters of COVID-19, data on variants, and data transparency. Results The thematic analysis identified WW dashboard elements that can facilitate standardization, or at least interoperability. These elements emphasise communication among developers under the same organization, open access for identified stakeholders, and data summarized with a time-intensive graphic analysis through normalizing at least by population. Simultaneous communication of clinical surveillance is recommended. More research is needed on flow and faecal indicators for normalization of WW data, and on the analysis and representation of variants. Discussion WW dashboard development between 2020-2023 provided a \u2018real-time\u2019 iterative process of data representation, and several recommendations have been identified. Communication of data through dashboards has the potential to support early warning systems for infectious diseases.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.15489.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T11:30:08Z","timestamp":1748345408000},"page":"61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/gatesopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stakeholder Interviews to Inform Best Practice for Public Facing COVID-19 Wastewater Dashboards"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4278-9902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Morales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4892-8022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen M","family":"O'Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsmc\/xtab011","article-title":"Wastewater monitoring, surveillance and epidemiology: a review of terminology for a common understanding.","volume":"2","author":"D Larsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEMS Microbes."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-6","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.75.1.1","article-title":"Periodic examination of sewage for the virus of poliomyelitis.","volume":"75","author":"J Trask","year":"1942","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S140-S145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.06.018","article-title":"Public health response to the silent reintroduction of wild poliovirus to Israel, 2013-2014.","volume":"22 Suppl 5","author":"J Moran-Gilad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117789","article-title":"Wastewater-based epidemiology for illicit drugs: a critical review on global data.","volume":"207","author":"M Huizer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44-52","DOI":"10.5864\/d2021-015","article-title":"Wastewater-based epidemiology: current uses and future opportunities as a public health surveillance tool.","volume":"64","author":"J O\u2019Keeffe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Health Rev."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397-410","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-021-00853-4","article-title":"\u201cWaste not want not\u201d - 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