{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T23:22:28Z","timestamp":1778800948467,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-005230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-005230"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["gatesopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gates Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Globally, the annual economic impact of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is estimated at USD 11 billion in endemic settings, with the impact most profound among smallholder farmers. Farmers and the agro-veterinary stores that supply them are marginalized populations with limited to no access to veterinary care, and paucity of information on the availability and accessibility of vaccines. The objective of this study was to assess the accessibility and distribution channels of FMD vaccine, and the challenges related to the FMD vaccine market in these regions where livestock farming is highest and is an important component of livelihoods. A cross-sectional study was carried out, where at least one state was selected from five geopolitical zones of Nigeria. The locations were selected because of their high concentrations of livestock farmers. We interviewed 290 agro-veterinary store owners in these locations who directly supply smallholder farmers with animal health products. Data from the interviews were collected through the Kobocollect App<ns3:sup>\u00ae<\/ns3:sup>. Almost all of the agro-veterinary stores in rural and peri-urban areas (96.4%) had direct patronage from livestock farmers. Out of these agro-veterinary stores, relatively few (29%) sold vaccines and among these, 81% did not sell FMD vaccines. More than half (60%) of the stores selling FMD vaccines did not always have the vaccine in stock. Furthermore, maintenance of the cold chain during storage and logistics of the vaccine topped the challenges faced with stocking and sales of livestock vaccines. It was recommended that to ensure FMD control by the livestock farmers in rural and peri-urban areas through the use of FMD vaccines sold by agro-veterinary stores located in their communities, there is a need to adopt some, if not all, of the suggestions provided by the agro-veterinary store owners. This will ultimately improve animal productivity, and farmer livelihoods, and contribute to national food security.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.16349.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T16:30:10Z","timestamp":1747758610000},"page":"40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/gatesopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine market survey at agro-veterinary stores in rural and peri-urban areas of Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Adebayo Emmanuel","family":"Sopeju","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Onoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor Taiwo","family":"Abiodun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/NJHBS.V4I2.11550","article-title":"Cold chain facility status and the potency of animal rabies vaccine used in Nigeria, Niger.","volume":"4","author":"A Adeiga","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Health Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.104974","article-title":"Economic impact assessment of foot-and-mouth disease burden and control in pastoral local dairy cattle production systems in Northern Nigeria: A cross-sectional survey, Preventive Veterinary Medicine.","volume":"177","author":"N Alhaji","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2217-2223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.08.045","article-title":"Improving cold chain systems: Challenges and solutions.","volume":"35","author":"A Ashok","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0109366","article-title":"Solar-powered vaccine refrigerator for rural off-grid areas in Nigeria.","author":"P Babalola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339-351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2008.01042.x","article-title":"Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccination in South Sudan: Benefit-Cost Analysis and Livelihoods Impact.","volume":"55","author":"M Barasa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.19.431949","article-title":"Practices and trends in last-mile delivery of poultry vaccines in rural areas in developing countries: the case of Newcastle disease vaccine delivery in Bungoma County, Kenya.","author":"J Chemuliti","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54-61","DOI":"10.4314\/sokjvs.v15i3.8","article-title":"Assessment of veterinary drug retail outlets in two rural areas of Kwara state, north-central Nigeria.","volume":"15","author":"N Elelu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sokoto J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"126-134","article-title":"Factors limiting effective veterinary practice in Oyo state.","volume":"11","author":"I Faramade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vom J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Alliance to combat black market in counterfeit veterinary drugs.","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114-116","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-116","article-title":"Foot-and-mouth disease: past, present and future.","volume":"44","author":"S Jamal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756-1761","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR11.1026","article-title":"Sero-epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in some Border States of Nigeria.","volume":"6","author":"D Lazarus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"283-296","article-title":"Results of a small-scale field trial in Nigerian cattle of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines produced from local virus strains.","volume":"83","author":"G Mowat","year":"1975","journal-title":"Bulletin International Office of Epizootics."},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chapter 1.1.8, Principles of Veterinary Vaccine Production."},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"87","article-title":"A survey of rural farming practice in two provinces in Kenya, 1. Demographics, agricultural production and marketing.","volume":"24","author":"A Peters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Livest. Res. Rural. Dev."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451-460","DOI":"10.17221\/5649-VETMED","article-title":"Financial impact of foot-and-mouth disease in Turkey: acquisition of required data via Delphi expert opinion survey.","volume":"50","author":"B Senturk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7910\/DVN\/AJKGNS","volume":"V2","author":"A Sopeju","year":"2024","journal-title":"Harvard Dataverse."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166-174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2012.01330.x","article-title":"Assessment of financial impact of foot and mouth disease on smallholder cattle farmers in Southern Cambodia.","volume":"60","author":"J Young","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."}],"container-title":["Gates Open Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/gatesopenresearch.org\/articles\/9-40\/v1\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/gatesopenresearch.org\/articles\/9-40\/v1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/gatesopenresearch.org\/articles\/9-40\/v1\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T16:30:12Z","timestamp":1747758612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gatesopenresearch.org\/articles\/9-40\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"references-count":17,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/gatesopenres.16349.1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.12688\/verixiv.15.2","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2572-4754"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2572-4754","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Awaiting Peer Review","URL":"https:\/\/gatesopenresearch.org\/articles\/9-40\/v1#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"This work was supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation [INV-005230]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":0,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}