{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T17:08:14Z","timestamp":1780420094740,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-007079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-007079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["gatesopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gates Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>\n                    Background Mass Drug Administration (MDA) of azithromycin for the elimination of trachoma and, more recently, for the reduction of child mortality, are public health strategies shown, with mixed results, to contribute to the development of azithromycin resistance in treated communities. The objective of this study was to monitor bacterial resistance to azithromycin among children targeted by bi-annual MDA-azithromycin campaigns to improve child survival in eight high-mortality regions of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Methods Two rounds of cross-sectional surveys were carried out in targeted health districts using a 2-stage cluster sampling to select representative samples of children aged 1\u201311 months at the time of the most recent MDA. Parents\/primary caregivers were interviewed about the child\u2019s overall health and exposure to MDA, azithromycin, and other antibiotics. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected to estimate the carriage of\n                    <ns3:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/ns3:italic>\n                    and the prevalence of macrolide-resistant\n                    <ns3:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/ns3:italic>\n                    using erythromycin as a proxy for azithromycin. Phenotypic and genotypic determinants of macrolide resistance were tested in a subsample of resistant bacteria using duplex PCR. Results A total of 606 and 692 eligible children in 2022 and 2023, respectively, were included in the analyses. Prevalence of\n                    <ns3:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/ns3:italic>\n                    carriage was 28.8% (95%CI:22.4, 35.3) in 2022 and 30.8% (95%CI:25.0, 36.7) in 2023 (p=0.6506). There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of erythromycin-resistant\n                    <ns3:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/ns3:italic>\n                    between the two surveys (32.8% (95%CI:25.3, 40.2) versus 26.2% (95%CI:19.8, 32.6); p=0.0537). The majority of macrolide resistance phenotypes in both surveys were predominantly constitutive macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSb), carried by erm(B)-type genes. Conclusions Community-level bacterial resistance to azithromycin in our samples of\n                    <ns3:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/ns3:italic>\n                    did not increase significantly between the two surveys. As countries weigh the benefits and costs to implement MDA azithromycin, more is needed to interpret the relevancy and clinical impact of observed antimicrobial resistance.\n                  <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.16385.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T16:29:06Z","timestamp":1780417746000},"page":"31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/gatesopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Community-level Monitoring of Antimicrobial Resistance following Mass Administration of Azithromycin to Reduce Child Mortality in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: Results from Two Rounds of Surveillance"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3987-8932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Dulli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Durham North Carolina FHI 360"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Gbonon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abidjan Institut Pasteur de Cote d'Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatoumata","family":"Tour\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abidjan FHI 360"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daouda","family":"Tour\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korhogo Universite Peleforo Gon Coulibaly"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertin","family":"Gu\u00e9d\u00e9 Kipr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abidjan Institut Pasteur de Cote d'Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicity","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Durham North Carolina FHI 360"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Durham North Carolina FHI 360"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Evens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Durham North Carolina FHI 360"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireille","family":"Dosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abidjan Institut Pasteur de Cote d'Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pat","family":"Sadate-Ngatchou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Washington PnP Ahead LLC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1199-1226","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050.","volume":"404","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations.","author":"J O\u2019Neill","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765-2769","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.9.2765-2769.2003","article-title":"Impact of azithromycin administration for trachoma control on the carriage of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.","volume":"47","author":"S Batt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or manuscript preparation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":0,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}