{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T14:22:25Z","timestamp":1788272545240,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-044979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-044979"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["gatesopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gates Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>This paper considers large-scale vaccination campaigns, a major platform for vaccine access in a lot of the world, as a recapture estimate of the target population marked by routine immunization. Framing the campaign as a measurement, we learn about its properties, including the campaign\u2019s coverage of the target population and some implied sampling properties of post-campaign coverage surveys (PCCSs), the current gold-standard in implementation quality measurement. We develop this idea in the context of the 2023 measles campaign in Kano State, Nigeria, where we have detailed implementation data collected by vaccination teams involved in that effort. Looking specifically at the teams\u2019 tally sheets, the daily records of who they vaccinated, we find significant discrepancies between the recapture estimates and those from the corresponding PCCS. Exploring a variety of bias models applied to both the tally sheets and the PCCS helps clarify how anecdotal issues from the field relate to this discrepancy. Overall, we find that the tally sheets, despite being an unorthodox population sample, provide a tractable perspective on implementation and measurement, one that\u2019s in principle available nearly instantly and at high resolution for any vaccination touchpoint.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.16396.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T14:04:06Z","timestamp":1788271446000},"page":"54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/gatesopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A mark and recapture perspective on vaccination touchpoints"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Niket","family":"Thakkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Washington 98109 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S15-S27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.09.045","article-title":"Implementing the immunization agenda 2030: A framework for action through coordinated planning, monitoring & evaluation, ownership & accountability, and communications & advocacy.","volume":"42","author":"A Lindstrand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Planning and implementing high-quality supplementary immunization activities for injectable vaccines using an example of measles and rubella vaccines: field guide.","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Global measles & rubella strategic framework 2021-2030.","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12111257","article-title":"Lessons from recent measles post-campaign coverage surveys worldwide.","volume":"12","author":"M Danovaro-Holliday","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004973","article-title":"Recording vaccine doses administered: A global analysis of tally sheet design for infant and child immunizations.","volume":"5","author":"A Higgins-Steele","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLOS Global Public Health."},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Digitizing granular fixed-post campaign data (2024), unpublished technical report."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-15","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177728844","article-title":"The estimation of biological populations.","volume":"25","author":"D Chapman","year":"1954","journal-title":"Ann. 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The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":0,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}