{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:08:34Z","timestamp":1792004914387,"version":"4.4.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/hrbopenres.14011.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741305600000}}],"reference-count":22,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741305600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010414","name":"Health Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SDAP-2019-017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SDAP-2019-017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010414","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001592","name":"Higher Education Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001592","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["hrbopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HRB Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Background Monitoring coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection and vaccination during pregnancy is vital because of the increased susceptibility to severe disease. This article outlines the available data sources on COVID-19 infection and vaccination rates during pregnancy in Northern Ireland (NI) and the Republic of Ireland (ROI) and describes the processes, strengths, and weaknesses of available data. Methods Three data sources on COVID-19 vaccination and infection were identified in the ROI: the national computerized infectious disease reporting (CIDR) system used for reporting notifiable infectious diseases, the national dataset of all COVID-19 vaccinations for all residents (COVAX), and a regional Maternal and Newborn Clinical Management System (MN-CMS), which includes data on COVID-19 vaccination and infection. Four data sources were identified in NI: the NI maternity system (NIMATS) records maternity data, including COVID-19 infection and vaccination during pregnancy; datasets of COVID-19 antigen testing performed in hospitals (Pillar 1) and in the community (Pillar 2); and the NI Vaccine Management System dataset of COVID-19 Vaccinations. Results In the ROI, the CIDR database allows for the calculation of COVID-19 infection rates in women of reproductive age; however, pregnancy status remains largely unreported. The COVAX dataset includes pregnancy status, although the accuracy depends on whether the pregnancy is known at the time of vaccination. The MN-CMS tracks COVID-19 infection and vaccination during pregnancy. However, there are uncertainties regarding its reliability. In NI, COVID-19 data are available for all pregnant women using Health and Care numbers to link the NIMATS data to testing and vaccination databases. Conclusions Both countries track COVID-19 infection and vaccination rates, but the strength of the NI system is the use of unique identification numbers that allow linkage of maternal records to infection and vaccination databases. Both countries face delays in data access, underscoring the need for real-time systems to support future pandemic preparedness.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/hrbopenres.14011.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T10:25:10Z","timestamp":1741343110000},"page":"77","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/hrbopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Data sources on COVID-19 infection and vaccination in pregnancy on the island of Ireland: strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations for future pandemic preparedness"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3952-6053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Kelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INFANT Research Centre Cork County Cork T12 K8AF University College Cork School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4921-1944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne","family":"Given","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belfast Northern Ireland BT15 1ED Ulster University Institute of Nursing and Health Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3868-3471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Arnott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cork County Cork T12 K8AF University College Cork School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Dolk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Londonderry Northern Ireland BT48 7JL Ulster University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0247-523X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard A.","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Perinatal Epidemiology Centre Cork County Cork T12 K8AF University College Cork"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Cork Co. Cork T12 YE02 Cork University Maternity Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7499-9406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali S.","family":"Khashan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFANT Research Centre Cork County Cork T12 K8AF University College Cork School of Public Health"},{"name":"Cork County Cork T12 K8AF University College Cork School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seamus","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dublin D08 XW6R HSE National Immunisation Office"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2511-7201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mair\u00e9ad","family":"Madigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dublin D01 A4A3 Health Protection Surveillance Centre"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0574-7579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary T.","family":"O\u2019Mahony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health HSE-South Cork T12 XH60 St Finbarr's Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1206-3637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Loane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belfast Northern Ireland BT15 1ED Ulster University Institute of Nursing and Health Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6722-0484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gillian M.","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFANT Research Centre Cork County Cork T12 K8AF University College Cork School of Public Health"},{"name":"Cork County Cork T12 K8AF University College Cork School of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","article-title":"Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10020203","article-title":"Adverse perinatal outcomes in COVID-19 infected pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"10","author":"M Pathirathna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493-507","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12840","article-title":"COVID-19 in pregnancy\u2014what study designs can we use to assess the risk of Congenital Anomalies in relation to COVID-19 disease, treatment and vaccination?","volume":"36","author":"H Dolk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e759-72","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00079-6","article-title":"Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"9","author":"B Chmielewska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-04321-3","article-title":"Women\u2019s views on accepting COVID-19 vaccination during and after pregnancy, and for their babies: a multi-methods study in the UK.","volume":"22","author":"H Skirrow","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.12688\/hrbopenres.13517.1","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland: epidemiology, public health restrictions and vaccination uptake [version 1; 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