{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:38:09Z","timestamp":1793381889717,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/openreseurope.18833.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000}}],"reference-count":12,"publisher":"CERN","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission","award":["869268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["869268"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00k4n6c32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Open Res Europe"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\n                    This work was carried out within the framework of the SisAl Pilot project, which is devoted to the environmentally friendly production of silicon. This new method relies on the aluminothermic reduction of quartz in slag, offering a more sustainable alternative to the traditional reduction of silica with carbon in submerged arc furnaces.\n                \n                \n                    Methods\n                    The process takes place in a rotary kiln producing silicon (Si) and alumina slag (actually, a CaO \u2013 Al\n                        2O\n                        3 slag), which must be separated at the end to extract the silicon. This separation process is analyzed through mathematical modelling and numerical simulation, as it is of industrial interest to know how much time it takes for Si and CaO \u2013 Al\n                        2O\n                        3 slag to separate once the process has ended. Generally, a multiphase flow model is used to estimate the separation time of the two components once aluminothermic reduction has ended.\n                \n                \n                    Results\n                    Several scenarios are considered for the numerical simulation of the separation time, namely different initial configurations and material properties of both fluids are covered. Moreover, the separation times obtained with two distinct multiphase flow models -VOF (volume of fluid) and Eulerian- are compared.\n                \n                \n                    Conclusions\n                    The separation times resulting from simulations using the multiphase Eulerian model are more realistic compared to those from the VOF model, which clearly tends to underestimate separation times. Furthermore, apart from the selected multiphase flow model, the density difference between silicon and alumina slag plays a critical role in determining the separation time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/openreseurope.18833.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T12:20:08Z","timestamp":1735906808000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.68336\/openreseurope.updatepolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Separation Time of Aluminothermic Reduction Products for Sustainable Silicon Production"],"prefix":"10.68336","author":[{"given":"Javier","family":"Bull\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SilBuCam, A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Crego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Tecnolox\u00eda Matem\u00e1tica de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, 15782, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4795-0455","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Ferr\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Tecnolox\u00eda Matem\u00e1tica de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, 15782, Spain"},{"name":"Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Departamento de Matematica Aplicada, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, 15782, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9722-311X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dolores","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Tecnolox\u00eda Matem\u00e1tica de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, 15782, Spain"},{"name":"Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Departamento de Matematica Aplicada, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, 15782, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9983-2496","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Tecnolox\u00eda Matem\u00e1tica de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, 15782, Spain"},{"name":"Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Departamento de Matematica Aplicada, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, 15782, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Javier","family":"P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Politecnica de Madrid Departamento de Ingenieria Geologica y Minera, Madrid, Community of Madrid, 28003, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13904","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"65166","unstructured":"1. Ciftja A, Engh T, Tangstad M: Refining and recycling of silicon: a review. NTNU Open. 2008. Reference Source (https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/267552614_Refining_and_Recycling_of_Silicon_A_Review)"},{"key":"65167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-017-9584-3"},{"key":"65168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-021-01479-5"},{"key":"65169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.04.051"},{"key":"65170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4116381"},{"key":"65171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4117713"},{"key":"65172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/3.12149"},{"key":"65173","unstructured":"8. Wilcox D: Turbulence modeling for CFD. DCW Industries, 2006. Reference Source (https:\/\/cfd.spbstu.ru\/agarbaruk\/doc\/2006_Wilcox_Turbulence-modeling-for-CFD.pdf)"},{"key":"65174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9991(81)90145-5"},{"key":"65175","unstructured":"10. ANSYS, Inc: Ansys Fluent official website. Reference Source (https:\/\/www.ansys.com\/products\/fluids\/ansys-fluent)"},{"key":"65176","unstructured":"11. Ansys Fluent Release 2022 R2 Theory Guide."},{"key":"65177","unstructured":"12. OpenFOAM: OpenFOAM official website. https:\/\/www.openfoam.com\/"}],"container-title":["Open Research Europe"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/open-research-europe.ec.europa.eu\/articles\/4-249\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ore.eu\/ore\/article\/download\/772\/version\/1346\/2689","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ore.eu\/ore\/article\/download\/772\/version\/1346\/2690","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ore.eu\/ore\/article\/download\/772\/version\/1346\/2689","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:13:53Z","timestamp":1793380433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ore.eu\/ore\/article\/view\/772\/version\/1346"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"references-count":12,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/openreseurope.18833.2","relation":{"is-version-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.12688\/openreseurope.18833.1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/openreseurope.20838.r49461","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/openreseurope.20838.r49462","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/openreseurope.20838.r49487","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2732-5121"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2732-5121","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-03","name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"This project has received funding from the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation\u202fprogramme under grant agreement No. 869268 project name SisAl Pilot Project. &#13;\n&#13;","name":"funding_statement","label":"Funding Statement","group":{"name":"funding_information","label":"Funding Information"}}],"article-number":"249"}}