{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:34:53Z","timestamp":1793381693913,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/openreseurope.20867.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000}}],"reference-count":0,"publisher":"CERN","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission","award":["951649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["951649"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00k4n6c32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Swedish Tercentenary Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Open Res Europe"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Science policy systems depend on indicators to ensure that vast sums of money are spent in a transparent and accountable way and to help deliver national level policy objectives of government. In this article, we investigate why and how the key accounting system, the Frascati manual was developed and maintained over time, despite being increasingly at variance with contemporary science policy objectives. The manual has undergone several updates and revisions but remains based on a set of parameters originally designed to measure research activity as it was performed and understood over 60\u00a0years ago. We argue that the manual is ill-equipped to capture fundamental changes in research resulting from breakthroughs in multidisciplinary approaches, digital technologies, and the co-creation of knowledge in partnerships in recent decades, and poorly equipped to measure the impact of the social and human sciences. In conclusion, science policy today is served by a systematically biased accounting system: in essence, a flawed Mission Machine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/openreseurope.20867.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:09:10Z","timestamp":1785841750000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.68336\/openreseurope.updatepolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The rise and flaws of the mission machine: A historical critique of research success metrics since the 1960s"],"prefix":"10.68336","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0170-4566","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gabi","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"European Alliance of SSH, 54, Boulevard Raspail, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6379-5689","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Deer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Enterprise, City St. George's, University of London, London, EC1V 0HB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3927-3308","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Poul","family":"Holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trinity Centre for Environmental Humanities, School of Histories and Humanities, The University of Dublin Trinity College, Dublin 2, D02PN40, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13904","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"container-title":["Open Research Europe"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/open-research-europe.ec.europa.eu\/articles\/5-262\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ore.eu\/ore\/article\/download\/1060\/version\/1817\/3631","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ore.eu\/ore\/article\/download\/1060\/version\/1817\/3632","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ore.eu\/ore\/article\/download\/1060\/version\/1817\/3631","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:12:05Z","timestamp":1793380325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ore.eu\/ore\/article\/view\/1060\/version\/1817"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/openreseurope.20867.2","relation":{"is-version-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.12688\/openreseurope.20867.1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/openreseurope.26673.r78564","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/openreseurope.26673.r78616","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/openreseurope.26673.r79425","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2732-5121"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2732-5121","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-08-04","name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the [European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme] (Grant agreement No. [951649]) and Swedish Tercentenary Fund.\n\n                    The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","name":"funding_statement","label":"Funding Statement","group":{"name":"funding_information","label":"Funding Information"}}],"article-number":"262"}}