{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:36:12Z","timestamp":1793381772766,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/openreseurope.22737.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000}}],"reference-count":28,"publisher":"CERN","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00k4n6c32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Open Res Europe"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the results of the App4EES pilot project, which developed and assessed a mobile app solution for the pre-registration of biometric and biographic data to improve the border crossing efficiency under the Entry\/Exit System (EES) in the European Union. The project involved a real operational testing of the app at Stockholm Arlanda Airport, with over 1,600 travellers successfully completing the enrolment steps and providing valuable feedback. The results show that the app is effective in improving the efficiency of the border crossing process, ensuring compliance with data protection and cybersecurity standards, and providing a positive user experience. The app was designed to be intuitive and user-friendly, allowing travellers to easily pre-register their biometric and biographic data, including facial images and travel documents.\n                To highlight the outcomes, this paper presents the first open and detailed evaluation of a traveller pre-registration system tested in real operational conditions with a high number of participants. The app demonstrated an average reduction of 30\u00a0seconds in border processing times for visa-exempt travellers, corresponding to a 25% improvement in overall efficiency compared to standard EES test procedures. Furthermore, the system effectively supported multi-traveller and family registrations, including minors, demonstrating its capacity to streamline pre-registration for diverse traveller profiles.\n                The project outcomes have significant implications for the development of future border management systems, as they demonstrate the potential of mobile app solutions to enhance border crossing efficiency, improve user experience, and ensure data protection and cybersecurity. The project results also highlight the feasibility of integrating a mobile app solution with existing border management systems, including the EES, as well as the need for close collaboration between stakeholders, including border authorities, airlines, and technology providers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/openreseurope.22737.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T06:34:07Z","timestamp":1785220447000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.68336\/openreseurope.updatepolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Operational assessment of a border management mobile app for traveller pre-registration"],"prefix":"10.68336","author":[{"given":"Joanna","family":"Darmos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Unit, Frontex \u2013 European Border and Coast Guard Agency, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Neisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Unit, Frontex \u2013 European Border and Coast Guard Agency, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Facchinetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Unit, Frontex \u2013 European Border and Coast Guard Agency, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2361-8247","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Enrique","family":"Cabello Pardos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Unit, Frontex \u2013 European Border and Coast Guard Agency, Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Computer Science and Statistics Department, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonino","family":"Passarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Unit, Frontex \u2013 European Border and Coast Guard Agency, Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Italian Ministry of the Interior, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zdravko","family":"Kolev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Unit, Frontex \u2013 European Border and Coast Guard Agency, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Destrebecq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Unit, Frontex \u2013 European Border and Coast Guard Agency, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darek","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation Unit, Frontex \u2013 European Border and Coast Guard Agency, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13904","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"111193","unstructured":"1. European Travel Commission (ETC): European Tourism 2024: Trends & Prospects (Q2\/2024). Reference Source (https:\/\/etc-corporate.org\/reports\/european-tourism-2024-trends-prospects-q2-2024\/)"},{"key":"111194","unstructured":"2. Statista Research Department: International tourist arrivals by world region 2023. Number of international tourist arrivals worldwide from 2005 to 2024 by region. Reference Source (https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/186743\/international-tourist-arrivals-worldwide-by-region-since-2010\/)"},{"key":"111195","unstructured":"3. European Commission: Entry\/Exit System (EES). Reference Source (https:\/\/travel-europe.europa.eu\/ees_en)"},{"key":"111196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Drozdowski P, Rathgeb C, Dantcheva A, et al.: Demographic bias in biometrics: A survey on an emerging challenge. IEEE Trans. Technology and Society. 2020; 1(2): 89\u2013103. preprint, arXiv:2003.02488.","DOI":"10.1109\/TTS.2020.2992344"},{"key":"111197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tifs.2020.2994750"},{"key":"111198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44287-024-00094-x"},{"key":"111199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-016-9754-5"},{"key":"111200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Neisse R, Steri G, Baldini G: Enforcement of security policy rules for the Internet of Things. IEEE 10th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob). Larnaca, Cyprus:2014; pp. 165\u2013172.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiMOB.2014.6962166"},{"key":"111201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Ortega D, Fern\u00e1ndez-Isabel A, Diego IM de, et al.: Dynamic facial presentation attack detection for automated border control systems. Comput. Secur. 2020; 92: 101744.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2020.101744"},{"key":"111202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Ortega-Delcampo D, Conde C, Palacios-Alonso D, et al.: Border control morphing-attack detection with a convolutional neural network de-morphing approach. EEE Access. 2020; 8: 92301\u201392313.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2994112"},{"key":"111203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Neisse R, Hern\u00e1ndez-Ramos JL, Matheu S, et al.: Toward a blockchain-based platform to manage cybersecurity certification of IoT devices. Proc. IEEE Conference on Standards for Communications and Networking. 2019. arXiv pre-print arXiv:1909.07039.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCN.2019.8931384"},{"key":"111204","unstructured":"12. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), Technical Advisory Group on the Traveller Identification Programme (TAG\/TRIP): Machine Readable Travel Documents Guidance Document, High-level guidance, Explaining the ICAO Digital Travel Credentials. Version 1.0, June 2024. Reference Source (https:\/\/www.icao.int\/Security\/FAL\/TRIP\/Documents\/High%20Level%20Guidance%20explaining%20ICAO%20DTC.pdf)"},{"key":"111205","unstructured":"13. ICAO: High-level guidance: Explaining the ICAO Digital Travel Credentials (DTC). ICAO TAG\/TRIP;2024."},{"key":"111206","unstructured":"14. World Economic Forum: Accelerating the Transition to Digital Credentials for Travel: Lessons from KTDI. WEF report. 2021."},{"key":"111207","unstructured":"15. IDEMIA: Digital Travel Credential (DTC): position paper. IDEMIA white paper. 2019. Jul. 2021."},{"key":"111208","unstructured":"16. InverID: EES Whitepaper v2.0: Entry\/Exit System queue-busting through pre-registration (Inverid). Inverid\/IBMATA;Jan. 2025."},{"key":"111209","unstructured":"17. Inverid: Mobile Service in the Context of the Entry-Exit System (EES) whitepaper. 2025."},{"key":"111210","unstructured":"18. European Commission: COM(2024) 671 Proposal for a COUNCIL REGULATION on the issuance of and technical standards for digital travel credentials based on identity cards. 2024."},{"key":"111211","unstructured":"19. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO): Doc 9303, Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 3: Specifications Common to all MRTDs. 8th edition. 2021. Reference Source (https:\/\/www.icao.int\/publications\/Documents\/9303_p3_cons_en.pdf)"},{"key":"111212","unstructured":"20. Government of Canada, Canada Border Services Agency: ArriveCAN app. Reference Source (https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/border-services-agency\/services\/arrivecan\/account.html)"},{"key":"111213","unstructured":"21. Australian Government, Department of Home Affairs. Reference Source (https:\/\/immi.homeaffairs.gov.au\/visas\/getting-a-visa\/visa-listing\/electronic-travel-authority-601)"},{"key":"111214","unstructured":"22. United States Government, Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Customs and Border Protection: Electronic System for Travel Authorization. Reference Source (https:\/\/esta.cbp.dhs.gov)"},{"key":"111215","unstructured":"23. United States Government, Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Customs and Border Protection: Mobile Passport Control (MPC). Reference Source (https:\/\/www.cbp.gov\/travel\/us-citizens\/mobile-passport-control)"},{"key":"111216","unstructured":"24. Republic of Korea: Korea Electronic Travel Authorization (K-ETA). Reference Source (https:\/\/www.k-eta.go.kr\/portal\/newapply\/index.do)"},{"key":"111217","unstructured":"25. Royal Dutch Airlines: Transatlantic pilot project launched with DTC. Reference Source (https:\/\/news.klm.com\/transatlantic-pilot-project-launched-with-dtc\/)"},{"key":"111218","unstructured":"26. Country of Aruba: Aruba Happy One Pass. Reference Source (https:\/\/www.arubahop.com)"},{"key":"111219","unstructured":"27. World Economic Forum: Known Traveller Digital Identity (KTDI). Reference Source (https:\/\/ktdi.org)"},{"key":"111220","unstructured":"28. Open Worldwide Application Security Project (OWASP): Mobile Application Security Verification Standard (MASVS). Reference Source (https:\/\/mas.owasp.org\/MASVS\/)"}],"container-title":["Open Research Europe"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/open-research-europe.ec.europa.eu\/articles\/6-160\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ore.eu\/ore\/article\/download\/1355\/version\/2300\/4597","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ore.eu\/ore\/article\/download\/1355\/version\/2300\/4598","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ore.eu\/ore\/article\/download\/1355\/version\/2300\/4597","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:12:27Z","timestamp":1793380347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ore.eu\/ore\/article\/view\/1355\/version\/2300"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":28,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/openreseurope.22737.2","relation":{"is-version-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.12688\/openreseurope.22737.1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/openreseurope.26448.r78125","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/openreseurope.26448.r78124","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2732-5121"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2732-5121","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-07-28","name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work.","name":"funding_statement","label":"Funding Statement","group":{"name":"funding_information","label":"Funding Information"}}],"article-number":"160"}}