{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T04:03:08Z","timestamp":1793160188298,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]],"date-time":"2018-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535587200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/M020894\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/M020894\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UU_12013\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_12013\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/M010317\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/M010317\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/N000382\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/N000382\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000883","name":"University of Bristol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000883","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG048835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG048835"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["102215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wellcomeopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wellcome Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Background:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) is a risk factor for poor later life health. Here, we describe the ACE variables measured in the children of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) study, and a method used to derive summary measures and deal with missing data in them. \u00a0\u00a0\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Methods:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    The ALSPAC data catalogue (59 608 variables) was searched in September 2017 for measures on adversity exposure between birth and 18 years. 6140\u00a0adversity questions were then screened for conforming to our ACE definitions and suitability for dichotomisation. This screening identified 541 questions on ten \u2018classic\u2019 ACEs (sexual, physical or emotional abuse, emotional neglect, substance abuse by the parents, parental mental illness or suicide attempt, violence between parents, parental separation, bullying and parental criminal conviction) and nine additional ACEs (bond between parent and child, satisfaction with neighbourhood, social support for the parent, social support for the child, physical illness of a parent, physical illness of the child, financial difficulties, low social class and violence between child and partner). These were used to derive a binary construct for exposure to each ACE. Finally, as cumulative measures of childhood adversity, different combinations of the 19 ACE constructs were summed to give total adversity scores. An appropriate strategy for multiple imputation was developed to deal with the complex patterns of missing data.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Results:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    The ACE constructs and ACE-scores for exposure between birth and 16 years had prevalence estimates that were comparable to previous reports (for instance 4% sexual abuse, 18% physical abuse, 25% bullied, 32% parental separation).\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    ACE constructs, derived using a pragmatic approach to handle the high dimensional ALSPAC data, can be used in future analyses on childhood adversity in ALSPAC children.\n                  <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14716.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]],"date-time":"2018-08-30T06:50:30Z","timestamp":1535611830000},"page":"106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Adverse childhood experiences in the children of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1442-8852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lotte C.","family":"Houtepen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6199-5644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon","family":"Heron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Suderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Tilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3357-2796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura D.","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245-58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","article-title":"Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study.","volume":"14","author":"V Felitti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e356-66","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4","article-title":"The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"2","author":"K Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health."},{"key":"ref-3","article-title":"Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ)","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70-5","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.420","article-title":"Improving the adverse childhood experiences study scale.","volume":"167","author":"D Finkelhor","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58-68","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559516679513","article-title":"Rethinking the Measurement of 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status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.16031.r33780, Helen Minnis, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, 27 Sep 2018, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-106\/v1#referee-response-33780","order":0,"name":"referee-response-33780","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.16031.r34235, Snehal M. Pinto Pereira, UCL Research Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, London, UK, 03 Dec 2018, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-106\/v1#referee-response-34235","order":1,"name":"referee-response-34235","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.16031.r33778, Erin C. Dunn, Department Of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 06 Dec 2018, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/3-106\/v1#referee-response-33778","order":2,"name":"referee-response-33778","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust ALSPAC core programme grant [102215]. \n\nThe UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome [102215] and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This work was also supported by grants from the UK Economic and Social Research Council [ES\/M010317\/1 and ES\/N000382\/1]. Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health [R01AG048835]. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. LDH is supported by a Career Development Award fellowship from the UK Medical Research Council [MR\/M020894\/1]. LCH, MS, JH, KT, and LDH work in a unit that receives funding from the University of Bristol and the UK Medical Research Council [MC_UU_12013\/2]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}