{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:28:24Z","timestamp":1792798104761,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]],"date-time":"2019-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562716800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["102215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001262","name":"Baily Thomas Charitable Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001262","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Farr Institute"},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["MC_UU_12013\/3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_12013\/3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wellcomeopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wellcome Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a risk factor for developmental problems in offspring. Despite a high prevalence of IPV in the UK and elsewhere, the longer-term outcomes of offspring born to exposed mothers remain under-researched.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Population-based cohort study. We assessed IPV prevalence by type and timing for 3,153 mother-child pairs with complete data within our study population and examined associations between IPV and offspring IQ. We used multiple-imputation to evaluate bias due to our exclusion of observations with missing covariate data.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Nearly one in five mothers reported IPV during the study period, with 17.6% reporting emotional violence and 6.8% reporting physical violence. Taking into account potential confounders, the IQ scores of children born to mothers exposed to physical violence remained lower than those of maternally unexposed children (full-scale IQ = \u22122.8 points [95%CI \u22124.9 to \u22120.7], verbal IQ = \u22122.2 [95%CI \u22124.4 to \u22120.1], performance IQ = \u22122.7 [95%CI\u00a0 \u22125.0 to \u22120.5]) and odds of below-average intelligence (IQ&lt;90) remained increased for full-scale (OR 1.48 [95%CI 1.03 to 2.14] and performance IQ (OR 1.48 [95%CI 1.08 to 2.04]) but not verbal IQ (OR 1.06 [95%CI 0.69 to 1.64]). Most physical violence occurred postnatally, and relative odds were most substantial when mothers were exposed to violence across pre-\/perinatal and postnatal study periods (OR performance IQ&lt;90 = 2.97 [95%CI 1.30 to 6.82]).\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Maternal exposure to physical IPV is associated with lower offspring IQ at age 8. Associations persisted after adjusting for potential confounders and were driven by violence occurring postnatally.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15270.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]],"date-time":"2019-07-10T07:10:07Z","timestamp":1562742607000},"page":"107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Intelligence in offspring born to women exposed to intimate partner violence: a population-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Kathryn M","family":"Abel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hein","family":"Heuvelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dheeraj","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7141-9189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas J","family":"Timpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0576-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane","family":"Sarginson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4764-0411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebekah","family":"Shallcross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4834-6719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly","family":"Hope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Emsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","article-title":"Global 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As a result, we also agree that it is beholden on us to follow this work up to address potential mechanisms\/further address confounding and we shall be applying for further funding in order to achieve this aim.","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/4-107\/v1#referee-comment-3891","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-3891","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.16667.r36840, Elisabete Pereira Silva, Maternal and Child Department, Health Sciences Center, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil, 29 Oct 2019, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/4-107\/v1#referee-response-36840","order":2,"name":"referee-response-36840","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Holly Hope<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 30 Oct 2019<\/i>; Many thanks for your review, we are very pleased to highlight the frequency of IPV in the UK and its&nbsp; potential impact on IQ amongst children.  Best wishes,  Holly Hope","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/4-107\/v1#referee-comment-3991","order":3,"name":"referee-comment-3991","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust [102215]; the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol [MC_UU_12013\/3]; the Farr Institute; and the Baily Thomas Charitable Fund. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":4,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}