{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T23:46:44Z","timestamp":1779234404132,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/K006584\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/K006584\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/N013867\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N013867\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wellcomeopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wellcome Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Social distancing measures may reduce the spread of emerging respiratory infections however, there is little empirical data on how exposure to crowded places affects risk of acute respiratory infection.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    We used a case-crossover design nested in a community cohort to compare self-reported measures of activities during the week before infection onset and baseline periods. The design eliminates the effect of non-time-varying confounders. Time-varying confounders were addressed by exclusion of illnesses around the Christmas period and seasonal adjustment.\u00a0\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    626 participants had paired data from the week before 1005 illnesses and the week before baseline. Each additional day of undertaking the following activities in the prior week was associated with illness onset: Spending more than five minutes in a room with someone (other than a household member) who has a cold (Seasonally adjusted OR 1\u00b715,\n                    <ns4:italic>p<\/ns4:italic>\n                    =0\u00b7003); use of underground trains (1\u00b731,\n                    <ns4:italic>p<\/ns4:italic>\n                    =0\u00b7036); use of supermarkets (1\u00b732,\n                    <ns4:italic>p<\/ns4:italic>\n                    &lt;0\u00b7001); attending a theatre, cinema or concert (1\u00b726,\n                    <ns4:italic>p<\/ns4:italic>\n                    =0\u00b7032); eating out at a caf\u00e9, restaurant or canteen (1\u00b725,\n                    <ns4:italic>p<\/ns4:italic>\n                    =0\u00b7003); and attending parties (1\u00b747,\n                    <ns4:italic>p<\/ns4:italic>\n                    &lt;0\u00b7001). Undertaking the following activities at least once in the previous week was associated with illness onset: using a bus, (aOR 1.48, p=0.049), shopping at small shops (1.9, p&lt;0.002) attending a place of worship (1.81, p=0.005).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Exposure to potentially crowded places, public transport and to individuals with a cold increases risk of acquiring circulating acute respiratory infections. This suggests social distancing measures can have an important impact on slowing transmission of emerging respiratory infections.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15795.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T11:45:07Z","timestamp":1585568707000},"page":"54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Public activities preceding the onset of acute respiratory infection syndromes in adults in England - implications for the use of social distancing to control pandemic respiratory infections."],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3549-6232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew 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status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.17321.r38380, Benjamin\u00a0J. Cowling, WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, 14 Apr 2020, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/5-54\/v1#referee-response-38380","order":0,"name":"referee-response-38380","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.17321.r38462, Amra Uzicanin, Community Interventions for Infection Control Unit, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30 Apr 2020, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/5-54\/v1#referee-response-38462","order":1,"name":"referee-response-38462","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust through funding to The Flu Watch study.\n\nThe Flu Watch study received funding from the Medical Research Council (MRC) and the Wellcome Trust [MR\/K006584\/1]. SB is supported by an MRC doctoral studentship [MR\/N013867\/1]. The funders were not actively involved in the design, delivery, or analysis of this research. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily of the MRC or the Wellcome Trust.  \n\nAH is an NIHR Senior Investigator. The views expressed in this Article are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR, or the Department of Health and Social Care. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}