{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:49:17Z","timestamp":1790804957751,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust","award":["214185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["214185"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wellcomeopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wellcome Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    This systematic review had three aims: i) to determine the frequency of anosmia (or other smell disorders) and dysgeusia (or other taste disorders) in COVID-19 patients; ii) to determine whether anosmia or dysgeusia are independently associated with COVID-19 diagnosis; and iii) to determine whether anosmia or dysgeusia are prognostic factors for impaired outcomes among COVID-19 patients.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    On April 20\n                    <ns4:sup>th<\/ns4:sup>\n                    , 2020, we search MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health, Scopus, Web of Science and MedXriv. We used terms related to COVID-19, smell and taste disorders. We selected case series, cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies. We included studies with COVID-19 patients describing their symptoms; studies that compared smell and taste disorders between COVID-19 patients and otherwise healthy subjects; and studies comparing smell and taste disorders between COVID-19 severe and mild\/moderate cases. Because of methodological heterogeneity and the limited number of results, a qualitative synthesis is presented.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    From 31 reports, we selected six (n=2,757). Six studies reported the proportion of smell and taste disorders among COVID-19 patients. Two reports studied whether smell and taste disorders were independently associated with COVID-19 diagnosis. No reports studied the association with impaired outcomes among COVID-19 patients. The frequency of anosmia ranged between 22%-68%. The definition of taste disorders varied greatly, with dysgeusia present in 33% and ageusia in 20%. People who reported loss of smell and taste had six-fold higher odds of being COVID-19 positive; similarly, anosmia and ageusia were associated with 10-fold higher odds of COVID-19 diagnosis.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    The frequency of smell and taste disorders is as high as other symptoms, thus, at least anosmia for which the definition was more consistent, could be included in lists of COVID-19 symptoms. Although there is promising evidence, it is premature to conclude that smell and taste disorders are strongly associated with COVID-19 diagnosis.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Registration:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    PROSPERO\n                    <ns4:ext-link xmlns:ns3=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" ns3:href=\"https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?RecordID=181308\">CRD42020181308<\/ns4:ext-link>\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15917.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T09:35:31Z","timestamp":1589362531000},"page":"94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Anosmia and dysgeusia in COVID-19: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2090-1856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo M.","family":"Carrillo-Larco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Altez-Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1328","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1328","article-title":"Prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of covid-19 infection: systematic review and critical appraisal.","volume":"369","author":"L Wynants","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2020.0832","article-title":"Sudden and Complete Olfactory Loss Function as a Possible Symptom of COVID-19.","author":"M Eliezer","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.114","article-title":"Isolated sudden onset anosmia in COVID-19 infection. 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Nirmal Kumar, John Rocke, Wrightington, Wigan and Leigh NHS Foundation Trust, Wigan, UK, 16 Jun 2020, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/5-94\/v1#referee-response-38977","order":1,"name":"referee-response-38977","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust through an International Training Fellowship [214185] to Rodrigo M Carrillo-Larco. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}