{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:25:55Z","timestamp":1790144755393,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]],"date-time":"2020-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591833600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013373","name":"NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013373","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CO-CIN-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CO-CIN-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR200907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR200907"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002141","name":"Public Health England","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections"},{"name":"UK Government Department of Health and Social Care"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["095541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["095541"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["110110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["MC_PC_1905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_PC_1905"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["109965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109965"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["110058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wellcomeopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wellcome Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Background:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    The COVID-19 pandemic caused &gt;1 million infections during January-March 2020. There is an urgent need for reliable antibody detection approaches to support diagnosis, vaccine development, safe release of individuals from quarantine, and population lock-down exit strategies. We set out to evaluate the performance of ELISA and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) devices.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Methods:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    We tested plasma for COVID (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2) IgM and IgG antibodies by ELISA and using nine different LFIA devices. We used a panel of plasma samples from individuals who have had confirmed COVID infection based on a PCR result (n=40), and pre-pandemic negative control samples banked in the UK prior to December-2019 (n=142).\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Results:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    ELISA detected IgM or IgG in 34\/40 individuals with a confirmed history of COVID infection (sensitivity 85%, 95%CI 70-94%), vs. 0\/50 pre-pandemic controls (specificity 100% [95%CI 93-100%]). IgG levels were detected in 31\/31 COVID-positive individuals tested \u226510 days after symptom onset (sensitivity 100%, 95%CI 89-100%). IgG titres rose during the 3 weeks post symptom onset and began to fall by 8 weeks, but remained above the detection threshold. Point estimates for the sensitivity of LFIA devices ranged from 55-70% versus RT-PCR and 65-85% versus ELISA, with specificity 95-100% and 93-100% respectively. Within the limits of the study size, the performance of most LFIA devices was similar.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    Currently available commercial LFIA devices do not perform sufficiently well for individual patient applications. However, ELISA can be calibrated to be specific for detecting and quantifying SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG and is highly sensitive for IgG from 10 days following first symptoms.\n                  <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15927.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]],"date-time":"2020-06-11T09:40:07Z","timestamp":1591868407000},"page":"139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":151,"title":["Antibody testing for COVID-19: A report from the\u00a0National COVID Scientific Advisory Panel"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Emily R.","family":"Adams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Ainsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rekha","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0619-1074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monique I.","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Auckland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.17469.r40226, Yee Joo Tan, Kim Tien Ng, Infectious Disease programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore & Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore, 15 Sep 2020, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/5-139\/v1#referee-response-40226","order":0,"name":"referee-response-40226","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.17469.r42752, Muki Shey, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa) & Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, 08 Mar 2021, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/5-139\/v1#referee-response-42752","order":1,"name":"referee-response-42752","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This study was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, the UK Government Department of Health and Social Care and grants from NIHR [award CO-CIN-01] and the Medical Research Council [grant MC_PC_19059]. DC, TEAP and ASW are supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford in partnership with Public Health England (NIHR200915). Blood donor and QUOD samples were provided with support from NHS Blood and Transplant and the Medical Research Council UK. SKC is supported by Medical Research Council UK. TdS is funded by a Wellcome Trust Intermediate Clinical Fellowship (110058). DWE is a Robertson Foundation Fellow and NIHR Oxford BRC Senior Research Fellow. PCM is a Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Fellow (110110) and NIHR Oxford BRC Senior Research Fellow. LT is supported by a Wellcome clinical career development fellowship (205228\/Z\/16\/Z). EA, AM, PK, SCM, TPr, MGS and LT are supported by NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections (HPRU-EZI) at University of Liverpool in partnership with Public Health England (PHE), in collaboration with the University of Oxford and Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (award number NIHR200907). EB, PK, AJP and ASW are NIHR Senior Investigators. PK (WT109965\/MA) and GRS (095541) are Wellcome Trust Senior Investigators. JR is supported by a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship, jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (Grant 101237). The views expressed are the author(s) and are not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, the UK Department of Health and Social Care, the MRC or PHE.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}