{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T15:40:36Z","timestamp":1778946036434,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599177600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["217065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["217065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["062199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["062199"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["217065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["217065"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000925","name":"John Templeton Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["60828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["60828"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wellcomeopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wellcome Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Background:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    Cohort studies tend to be designed to look forward from the time of enrolment of the participants, but there is considerable evidence that the previous generations have a particular relevance not only in the genes that they have passed on, their cultural beliefs and attitudes, but also in the ways in which previous environmental exposures may have had non-genetic impacts, particularly for exposures during fetal life or in childhood.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Methods:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    To investigate such non-genetic inheritance, we have collected information on the childhoods of the ancestors of the cohort of births comprising the original Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). The data collected on the study child\u2019s grandparents and great grandparents comprise: (a) countries of birth; (b) years of birth; (c) age at onset of smoking; (d) whether the ancestral mothers smoked during pregnancy; (e) social class of the household; (f) information on 19 potentially traumatic situations in their childhoods such as death of a parent, being taken into care, not having enough to eat, or being in a war situation; (g) causes of death for those ancestors who had died. The ages at which the individual experienced the traumatic situations distinguished between ages &lt;6; 6\u201311, and 12\u201316 years. The numbers of ancestors on which data were obtained varied from 1128 paternal great-grandfathers to 4122 maternal great grandmothers. These ancestral data will be available for analysis to\n                    <ns3:italic>bona fide<\/ns3:italic>\n                    researchers on application to the ALSPAC Executive Committee.\n                  <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16257.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T09:35:22Z","timestamp":1599212122000},"page":"207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Ancestral childhood environmental exposures occurring to the grandparents and great-grandparents of the ALSPAC study children"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2826-3307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Golding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1529-9338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Gregory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0525-1744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6467-2023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Almudena","family":"Suarez-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4219-4117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Bowring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9965-9133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmin","family":"Iles Caven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Birmingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Pembrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Suderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0602-1983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Northstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1332\/9781447340423","article-title":"Pioneering ethics in longitudinal studies.","author":"K Birmingham","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref-2","article-title":"Parental Descriptions of Childhood Stresses in Grandparents and Great-grandparents of the \u2018Children of the 90s\u2019.","author":"K Birmingham","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111-127","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys064","article-title":"Cohort Profile: The \u2018Children of the 90s\u2019\u2014the index offspring of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.","volume":"42","author":"A Boyd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53-59","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1010241825519","article-title":"Longevity determined by paternal ancestors' nutrition during their slow growth period.","volume":"49","author":"L Bygren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Biotheor."},{"key":"ref-5","article-title":"Dear Tom: Letters from Home.","author":"T Courtenay","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref-6","article-title":"International Smoking Statistics (UK).","author":"B 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status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.17859.r40305, Richard E. Tremblay, Massimiliano Orri, University of Montreal, Montreal, 28 Sep 2020, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/5-207\/v1#referee-response-40305","order":0,"name":"referee-response-40305","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.17859.r40304, Peter Elias, University of Warwick, Coventry, 30 Sep 2020, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/5-207\/v1#referee-response-40304","order":1,"name":"referee-response-40304","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome Trust (Grant ref: 217065) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This publication is the work of the authors and Jean Golding will serve as guarantors for the contents of this paper.  A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website (http:\/\/www.bristol.ac.uk\/alspac\/external\/documents\/grant-acknowledgements.pdf). This data collection was specifically funded by the John Templeton Foundation (Grant ref: 60828). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}