{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T02:27:38Z","timestamp":1793500058252,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16524.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645747200000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16524.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645747200000}}],"reference-count":27,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645747200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/M003906\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/M003906\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC10101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC10101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC10101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC10101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["104777, 104792, B9RTIR0, FC 10101, WT 206194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104777, 104792, B9RTIR0, FC 10101, WT 206194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Crick Africa Network","award":["FC10902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC10902"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wellcomeopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wellcome Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>\n                    After decades of research, our understanding of when and why individuals infected with\n                    <ns3:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/ns3:italic>\n                    \u00a0develop clinical malaria is still limited. Correlates of immune protection are often sought through prospective cohort studies, where measured host factors are correlated against the incidence of clinical disease over a set period of time. However, robustly inferring individual-level protection from these population-level findings has proved difficult due to small effect sizes and high levels of variance underlying such data. In order to better understand the nature of these inter-individual variations, we analysed the long-term malaria epidemiology of children \u226412 years old growing up under seasonal exposure to the parasite in the sub-location of Junju, Kenya. Despite the cohort\u2019s limited geographic expanse (ca. 3km x 10km), our data reveal a high degree of spatial and temporal variability in malaria prevalence and incidence rates, causing individuals to experience varying levels of exposure to the parasite at different times during their life. Analysing individual-level infection histories further reveal an unexpectedly high variability in the rate at which children experience clinical malaria episodes. Besides exposure to the parasite, measured as disease prevalence in the surrounding area, we find that the birth time of year has an independent effect on the individual\u2019s risk of experiencing a clinical episode. Furthermore, our analyses reveal that those children with a history of an above average number of episodes are more likely to experience further episodes during the upcoming transmission season. These findings are indicative of phenotypic differences in the rates by which children acquire clinical protection to malaria and offer important insights into the natural variability underlying malaria epidemiology.\n                  <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16524.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T09:40:14Z","timestamp":1645782014000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Individual-level variations in malaria susceptibility and acquisition of clinical protection"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"John Joseph","family":"Valletta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John 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status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.19005.r45823, Lucy C. Okell, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK, 14 Sep 2021, version 2, 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/6-22\/v2#referee-response-45823","order":0,"name":"referee-response-45823","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.19562.r48907, Wendy Prudhomme-O'Meara, Christine Markwalter, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA, 10 Mar 2022, version 3, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/6-22\/v3#referee-response-48907","order":1,"name":"referee-response-48907","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This study was funded by the UK Medical Research Council, (MR\/M003906\/1).  The samples were collected within the Kilifi malaria immunology cohort studies supported by Wellcome Programme grants (B9RTIR0). JWGA, YB, and JL are supported by the Francis Crick Institute, which receives its funding from the UK Medical Research Council (FC 001101), Cancer Research UK (FC 001101), and the Wellcome Trust, UK (FC 001101). YB is a Crick Africa Network (CAN) Fellow (FC10902).  FMN is supported by an MRC\/DFID African Research Leadership Award, MB and AJR are supported by Wellcome (WT 206194). JL and CIN are Wellcome Senior Investigators (WT 104777\/Z\/14\/Z and 104792\/Z\/14\/Z, respectively). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}