{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:30:35Z","timestamp":1790602235123,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16562.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643932800000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16562.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643932800000}}],"reference-count":46,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643932800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010438","name":"Francis Crick Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC001101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC001101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010438","name":"Francis Crick Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC10902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC10902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/M003906\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/M003906\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC001101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC001101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["104777, B9RTIR0, FC001101, 206194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104777, B9RTIR0, FC001101, 206194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wellcomeopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wellcome Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Background:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    Studies of long-term malaria cohorts have provided essential insights into how\n                    <ns3:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/ns3:italic>\n                    interacts with humans, and influences the development of antimalarial immunity. Immunity to malaria is acquired gradually after multiple infections, some of which present with clinical symptoms. However, there is considerable variation in the number of clinical episodes experienced by children of the same age within the same cohort. Understanding this variation in clinical symptoms and how it relates to the development of naturally acquired immunity is crucial in identifying how and when some children stop experiencing further malaria episodes. Where variability in clinical episodes may result from different rates of acquisition of immunity, or from variable exposure to the parasite.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Methods:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    Using data from a longitudinal cohort of children residing in an area of moderate\n                    <ns3:italic>P. falciparum<\/ns3:italic>\n                    transmission in Kilifi district, Kenya, we fitted cumulative episode curves as monotonic-increasing splines, to 56 children under surveillance for malaria from the age of 5 to 15.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Results:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    There was large variability in the accumulation of numbers of clinical malaria episodes experienced by the children, despite being of similar age and living in the same general location. One group of children from a particular sub-region of the cohort stopped accumulating clinical malaria episodes earlier than other children in the study. Despite lack of further clinical episodes of malaria, these children had higher asymptomatic parasite densities and higher antibody titres to a panel of\n                    <ns3:italic>P. falciparum<\/ns3:italic>\n                    blood-stage antigens.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    This suggests development of clinical immunity rather than lack of exposure to the parasite, and supports the view that this immunity to malaria disease is maintained by a greater exposure to\n                    <ns3:italic>P. falciparum<\/ns3:italic>\n                    , and thus higher parasite burdens. Our study illustrates the complexity of anti-malaria immunity and underscores the need for analyses which can sufficiently reflect the heterogeneity within endemic populations.\n                  <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16562.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T09:15:07Z","timestamp":1643966107000},"page":"79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["10-year longitudinal study of malaria in children: Insights into acquisition and maintenance of naturally acquired immunity"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"John W.G.","family":"Addy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9786-7564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaw","family":"Bediako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8977-0030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis M.","family":"Ndungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Joseph","family":"Valetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5926-7768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam 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status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.19279.r47421, Rodrigo M Corder, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA, 13 Dec 2021, version 2, 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/6-79\/v2#referee-response-47421","order":0,"name":"referee-response-47421","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.19559.r48528, Rhea J Longley, Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 07 Feb 2022, version 3, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/6-79\/v3#referee-response-48528","order":1,"name":"referee-response-48528","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This study was funded by the UK Medical Research Council (MR\/M003906\/1).  The samples were collected within the Kilifi malaria immunology cohort studies supported by the Wellcome Trust (B9RTIR0).\nJWGA, YB, and JL are supported by the Francis Crick Institute, which receives its funding from the UK Medical Research Council, Cancer Research UK, and the Wellcome Trust, UK (FC001101). JL is a Wellcome Senior Investigator (104777). YB is a Crick Africa Network (CAN) Fellow (FC10902).  FMN is supported by an MRC\/DFID African Research Leadership Award, MB and AR are supported by the Wellcome Trust (206194). For the purpose of Open Access, the authors have applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.\nThis manuscript is published with permission from the Director, KEMRI.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}