{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:12:07Z","timestamp":1772169127577,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16931.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000}}],"reference-count":85,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["MR\/M025454\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/M025454\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["110255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["203077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"DELTAS Africa Initiative","award":["DEL-15-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEL-15-003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["107769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107769"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["209640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["209640"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wellcomeopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wellcome Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Background:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    Iron deficiency and developmental delay are common in African children. While experimental studies indicate an important role of iron in brain development, effects of iron on child development remain unclear. We aimed to evaluate the effects of iron supplementation or fortification on neurobehavioural outcomes in African children and further summarise these effects in children living in non-African countries for comparison.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Methods:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    We searched PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Scopus and Cochrane Library for studies published up to 22\n                    <ns3:sup>nd<\/ns3:sup>\n                    October 2021. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating effects of iron supplementation or fortification on neurobehavioural outcomes in children. Due to heterogeneity in study methods, we analysed all studies qualitatively and in secondary analyses only seven RCTs with 11 arms were meta-analysed.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Results:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    We identified 2231 studies and included 35 studies (n=9988) in the systematic review. Only five studies (n=1294) included African children while 30 (n=8694) included children living in non-African countries. Of the five African studies, two (n=647) reported beneficial effects of iron supplementation on neurobehavioural outcomes in anaemic children, while three (n=647) found no beneficial effects. Of 30 studies in children living in non-African countries, 10 (n=3105) reported beneficial effects of iron supplementation or fortification on neurobehavioural outcomes, seven (n=786) reported beneficial effects only in children who had iron deficiency, iron deficiency anaemia or anaemia while 13 (n=4803) reported no beneficial effects.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    There are few studies in African children despite the high burden of iron deficiency and developmental delay in this population. Evidence on the effects of iron supplementation on neurobehavioural outcomes remains unclear and there is need for further well-powered studies evaluating these effects in African populations.\n                  <\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>\n                    <ns3:bold>PROSPERO registration:<\/ns3:bold>\n                    CRD42018091278 (20\/03\/2018)\n                  <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16931.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T11:35:22Z","timestamp":1637753722000},"page":"181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of iron intake on neurobehavioural outcomes in African children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0072-0839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnes M.","family":"Mutua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelvinson","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3686-7904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amina","family":"Abubakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8360-4402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah H.","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615-624","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-06-508325","article-title":"A systematic analysis of global anemia burden from 1990 to 2010.","volume":"123","author":"N Kassebaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8110693","article-title":"The Proportion of Anemia Associated with Iron Deficiency in Low, Medium, and High Human Development Index Countries: A Systematic Analysis of National Surveys.","volume":"8","author":"N Petry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211-1259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.","volume":"390","author":"T Vos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-4","article-title":"Serum ferritin concentrations for the assessment of iron status and iron deficiency in populations.","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-1502-7","article-title":"Estimating the burden of iron deficiency among African children.","volume":"18","author":"J Muriuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref-6","first-page":"9-13","article-title":"Brain development and the role of experience in the early years.","volume":"30","author":"A Tierney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zero Three 3rd."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644-55","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000000236","article-title":"Infections and brain development.","volume":"70","author":"C Cordeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60-70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60032-4","article-title":"Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries.","volume":"369","author":"S Grantham-McGregor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002034","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002034","article-title":"Early Childhood Developmental Status in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: National, Regional, and Global Prevalence Estimates Using Predictive Modeling.","volume":"13","author":"D McCoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3927S-3931S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.11.3927S","article-title":"Micronutrient deficiencies and cognitive functioning.","volume":"133","author":"M Black","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"ref-11","first-page":"377-85","article-title":"Effects of nutrients (in food) on the structure and function of the nervous system: update on dietary requirements for brain. 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status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.19259.r47218, Patricia Kitsao-Wekulo, Maternal and Child Wellbeing Unit, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya, 25 Nov 2021, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/6-181\/v2#referee-response-47218","order":0,"name":"referee-response-47218","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.19259.r47217, Michael Mireku, School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK, 20 Jan 2022, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/6-181\/v2#referee-response-47217","order":1,"name":"referee-response-47217","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust [110255, <a href=https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35802\/110255>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35802\/110255<\/a>; to SHA], the DELTAS Africa Initiative [DEL-15-003] and with core awards to the KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme [203077, <a href=https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35802\/203077>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35802\/203077<\/a>] and the Medical Research Council award to AA [MR\/M025454\/1]. AMM was supported by a Wellcome Trust Master\u2019s Fellowship [209640, <a href=https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35802\/209640>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35802\/209640<\/a>]. KM was supported through the DELTAS Africa Initiative [DEL-15-003]. The DELTAS Africa Initiative is an independent funding scheme of the African Academy of Sciences (AAS)'s Alliance for Accelerating Excellence in Science in Africa (AESA) and supported by the New Partnership for Africa's Development Planning and Coordinating Agency (NEPAD Agency) with funding from the Wellcome Trust [107769\/Z\/10\/Z, <a href=https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35802\/107769>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35802\/107769<\/a>] and the UK government. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of AAS, NEPAD Agency, Wellcome Trust or the UK government. For the purpose of Open Access, the author has applied a CC-BY public copyright licence to any author accepted manuscript version arising from this submission. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}