{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:03:29Z","timestamp":1791914609240,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["093692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["093692"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wellcomeopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wellcome Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Background:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Changes in climate and land use can alter risk of transmission of parasites between domestic hosts and wildlife, particularly when mediated by vectors that can travel between populations. Here we focused on tsetse flies (genus\n                    <ns4:italic>Glossina<\/ns4:italic>\n                    ), the cyclical vectors for both Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) and Animal African Trypanosomiasis (AAT). The aims of this study were to investigate three issues related to\n                    <ns4:italic>G. palldipes<\/ns4:italic>\n                    from Kenya: 1) the diversity of vertebrate hosts that flies fed on; 2) whether host feeding patterns varied in relation to type of hosts, tsetse feeding behaviour, site or tsetse age and sex; and 3) if there was a relationship between trypanosome detection and host feeding behaviours or host types.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Methods:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Sources of blood meals of\n                    <ns4:italic>Glossina pallidipes<\/ns4:italic>\n                    were identified by sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and analyzed in relationship with previously determined trypanosome detection in the same flies.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Results:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    In an area dominated by wildlife but with seasonal presence of livestock (Nguruman), 98% of tsetse fed on single wild host species, whereas in an area including a mixture of resident domesticated animals, humans and wildlife (Shimba Hills), 52% of flies fed on more than one host species. Multiple Correspondence Analysis revealed strong correlations between feeding pattern, host type and site but these were resolved along a different dimension than trypanosome status, sex and age of the flies.\n                  <\/ns4:p>\n                  <ns4:p>\n                    <ns4:bold>Conclusions:<\/ns4:bold>\n                    Our results suggest that individual\n                    <ns4:italic>G. pallidipes<\/ns4:italic>\n                    in interface areas may show higher feeding success on wild hosts when available but often feed on both wild and domesticated hosts. This illustrates the importance of\n                    <ns4:italic>G. pallidipes<\/ns4:italic>\n                    as a vector connecting the sylvatic and domestic cycles of African trypanosomes.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16978.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T08:21:41Z","timestamp":1629706901000},"page":"213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Blood meal analysis of tsetse flies (Glossina pallidipes: Glossinidae) reveals higher host fidelity on wild compared with domestic hosts"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Manun","family":"Channumsin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7663-4080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Ciosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7513-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Masiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Auty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Michael","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Kilbride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7118-4116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara K.","family":"Mable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468-73","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.010317","article-title":"Identifying Reservoirs of Infection: A Conceptual and Practical Challenge.","volume":"8","author":"D Haydon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270-79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2014.03.002","article-title":"Assembling evidence for identifying reservoirs of infection.","volume":"29","author":"M Viana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol."},{"key":"ref-3","first-page":"789-93","article-title":"Observations on the relative attractiveness to Glossina pallidipes. of different animal baits, a tsetse Trap, and a fly-round patrol.","volume":"47","author":"E England","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref-4","article-title":"Trypanosomosis (tsetse-transmitted)","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1211","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001211","article-title":"Characterisation of the Wildlife Reservoir Community for Human and Animal Trypanosomiasis in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia.","volume":"5","author":"N Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203-04","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5106.1203","article-title":"The isolation of Trypanosoma rhodesiense from a bushbuck.","volume":"2","author":"R Heisch","year":"1958","journal-title":"Br Med J."},{"key":"ref-7","first-page":"211-20","article-title":"Sleeping sickness survey in Musoma District, Tanzania. 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Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/6-213\/v1\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/6-213\/v1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/6-213\/v1\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T05:40:22Z","timestamp":1641274822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/6-213\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"references-count":77,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16978.1","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.18745.r46140","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.18745.r45586","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.18745.r45586","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.18745.r46140","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2398-502X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-502X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/6-213\/v1#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.18745.r45586, Boniface Namangala, Department of Para-Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia, 13 Sep 2021, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/6-213\/v1#referee-response-45586","order":0,"name":"referee-response-45586","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.18745.r46140, Robert Opiro, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Laroo Division, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda, 12 Oct 2021, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/6-213\/v1#referee-response-46140","order":1,"name":"referee-response-46140","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Barbara Mable<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 03 Jan 2022<\/i>; Apologies for the delay in responding.&nbsp; Thank you to both reviewers for your helpful comments.  In response to the queries raised by reviewer 2. 1) We had originally intended to use both cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase primers to determine hosts. However, we tested the COI primers in a pilot analysis and found that amplification was not very consistent, either using control DNA from mammalian hosts or across blood meals from tsetse flies.&nbsp; As we stated in the methods, we thus focused only on the cytochrome b primers because we had more confidence in repeatability across samples.&nbsp; We have subsequently been testing the CB1 and CB2 primers using control DNA from a wide range of potential host species and have found consistent amplification but some other intriguing results that will be reported in a later paper. Another reason for using cytochrome b is that we could resolve different hosts based on heterozygous positions in chromatographs; even in the samples that we sequenced using COI, that was not possible. One of the reasons for so many flies not having blood meals is that we took a highly conservative approach so that we could distinguish multiple feeds from poor seuqence quality, even if the predominant host could be determined from poorer quality sequences. 2) The issue about seasonality was also raised by reviewer 1 but unfortunately, the sampling was not done in a way that would enable us to test that.&nbsp; It would indeed be very interesting to follow up on that. 3) We will alter the sentence about the relative importance of G. pallidipes to read: &quot;There are multiple species of tsetse flies that can transmit multiple species of trypanosomes, including \n<b><i>Glossina pallidipes, <\/i><\/b>which can act as a vector of both Animal African Tryanosomiasis (AAT) and Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT)\u201d.","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/6-213\/v1#referee-comment-4847","order":2,"name":"referee-comment-4847","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work was funded by the Wellcome Trust [093692, <a href=https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35802\/093692>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35802\/093692<\/a>; to the University of Glasgow]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}