{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:11:20Z","timestamp":1772169080288,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.17996.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000}}],"reference-count":40,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000925","name":"John Templeton Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61917"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["062199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["062199"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["217065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["217065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wellcomeopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wellcome Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Background: Early life environmental health exposures related to housing can have a significant impact on an individual\u2019s physical and mental health and physical development. Housing exposures can fall into two main areas \u2013 a representation of social circumstances and physical conditions.\u00a0\u00a0<\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>Methods: During pregnancy and post-delivery, self-completion questionnaires concerning the housing environment were administered to the ALSPAC (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents &amp; Children) study mothers and their partners until the study offspring were aged 18. Data collected included types of housing, housing tenure, numbers of rooms in the home, whether shared or sole use of kitchen and indoor flushing toilet, household moves, Council Tax band, difficulties in affording rent\/mortgage and becoming homeless. Here we also describe the historic development of housing in the Bristol and surrounding Avon areas.<\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>Results: Data collected included the tenure (e.g., owned\/rented) of the home, its size (indexed by the number of rooms), the presence of over-crowding (measured by the number of residents per room), presence of amenities, and frequency of household moves. This information was collected on over 13,000 women during pregnancy &gt;8000 at age 10 and &gt;4000 at 18 years. Council Tax bands were asked at 10 and 18 years.\u00a0\u00a0<\/ns3:p>\n                  <ns3:p>Conclusions: This is the first of two Data Notes on the housing type and housing circumstances of the families enrolled in ALSPAC. The second Data Note will detail their internal housing conditions. The data provides an excellent resource for researchers when considering the influences of housing on physical and mental health and development.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.17996.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T10:50:05Z","timestamp":1671619805000},"page":"232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The external housing environment of participants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC): a resource for studies of influences on health"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7028-2758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genette","family":"Ellis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9965-9133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmin","family":"Iles-Caven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0602-1983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Northstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2826-3307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Golding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","article-title":"Scheduled Monuments in Bristol"},{"key":"ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636-42","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.10.636","article-title":"Differences between infants and adults in the social aetiology of wheeze. 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Hansell, Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability, University of Leicester, Leicester, 27 Oct 2022, version 1, 2 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/7-232\/v1#referee-response-52378","order":0,"name":"referee-response-52378","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Yasmin Iles-Caven<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 01 Dec 2022<\/i>; \n<b>Thank you for your thorough and considered review<\/b>.  You said: The introduction \u2018Historical background and the manmade environment\u2019 going back to the Stone Age is interesting but didn\u2019t seem particularly relevant to future health studies \u2013 particularly as this would potentially impact all individuals in the study. It doesn\u2019t help with use of the dataset (except perhaps the last paragraph about the motorways).&nbsp; Similar issues apply to the paragraph on bombing during the Second World War. Additionally, it mainly relates to Bristol, while the paper states many of the families live in surrounding areas. I would suggest this information is shortened.  \n<b>Respons<\/b>e: We have altered the title to make it clear we are describing the external housing environment. We have changed \u2018Many ALSPAC families\u2019 to \u2018About 25% ...\u2019. We have added text that the small towns and villages often reflect similar growth to Bristol (radiating out from the historical centre) and expanded on the growth and reasons for social housing. Our main reason for including the historical background was for an international audience, to explain the extent of ancient to post-war modern buildings radiating out from what was old Bristol centered on the Castle and old walled city. &nbsp;In addition, data has been collected from the parents on the type of housing in which they lived as children and so we have multigenerational housing encompassing the index offspring back to their grandparents (many of whom lived through the Second World War).  You said: Standard of Housing \u2013 page 4.&nbsp; This paragraph has two possibly contradictory statements. Firstly \u201cOlder buildings are more at risk of poor standards\u201d and secondly \u201cin Bristol, children living in older, more affluent areas of the city were less likely to experience poverty\u201d. Please could wording be looked at.&nbsp; \n<b>Response<\/b>:&nbsp;We have expanded on this to make it clearer.  You said: Figure 4 \u2013 typical Bristol housing.&nbsp; It\u2019s unclear if this actually relates to housing stock lived in by participants. E.g. are there any families living in prefabs? \n<b>Response<\/b>: We have added to this slightly. There was the option in the questionnaires for \u2018Other\u2019 (types of housing) and the text answers included houseboats, prefabs and caravans for example.  You said: Results \u2013 there will be drop out from the study over time and this is usually in families that are more disadvantaged, so you end up with a wealthier cohort than the one you started with. Therefore housing types will differ over time due to selection bias. Has this been looked at?&nbsp; \n<b>Response<\/b>:&nbsp;Whilst this is true of ALSPAC in that participation some 30 years since enrolment has declined and those parents still participating are more likely to have a degree, to be female and more affluent and less likely to have suffered adversity in the index pregnancy or be from a non-white background, it is also true that housing type over time will differ due to selection bias. However, in Britain at least, younger families are more likely to live in cheaper flats\/small houses\/council or shared accommodation until they can get established on the property ladder and by middle age are more likely to live in a more expensive home in a favourable neighbourhood.&nbsp; Within the last 20+ years, things have changed considerably. Currently, in the Avon area, monthly rents are often more expensive than a mortgage repayment. The ability of the younger generation to amass a deposit of tens of thousands of pounds means that first time buyers are likely to be much older than they were a generation ago. We are not aware of any research specifically looking at housing type over time and potential biases therein.&nbsp; However, this is eminently feasible in this cohort with the data described in this publication.  You said:&nbsp;If not, then at least a table on SES of those leaving the study to illustrate the selection bias would be useful. How many of these are moving out of study area and how many are lost to follow-up? \n<b>Response<\/b>: Since enrolment, the mothers\/families have always been encouraged to continue participating in the study even if they moved out of area (including abroad).&nbsp; Since 2014 online questionnaires enable contact with participants even more feasible. &nbsp;For the clinic examinations, \u2018out of area\u2019 participants are still invited, and travel\/accommodation expenses reimbursed up to a ceiling, including air travel. Even so, ALSPAC goes to considerable lengths to attract the disengaged and track those lost to follow-up.&nbsp; We have enhanced the Strengths and Limitations section.  You said: There is some variability with percentages in a lot of the tables and I wondered if this was related to response rate for the questionnaire so there is some chance variability (as well as bias). Is it relevant to add this here or at least to Table 1. \n<b>Response:<\/b> We have double-checked all the tables, apart from a few typos, the variability with percentages often 99.9 or 100.1 are due to rounding.  You said: Table 2 and subsequent tables. Table 2 in particular didn\u2019t have the key that the \u2018a\u2019 in front of the variable means it relates to the \u2018A\u2019 questionnaire \u2013 it took me a while to work this out. Please could time-point be added or a footnote be added to clarify this. \n<b>Response<\/b>: We have added a sentence in Table 2\u2019s title as to the variable naming convention and to refer to Table 1 for the timing of the questionnaire. \n<b>You said<\/b>: Table 3 \u2013 is the move to lower floors a reflection of a city policy to knock down tower blocks. Or is it that families with small children are moving?&nbsp;&nbsp; \n<b>Response<\/b>: The move to lower floors is more a reflection of families with young children applying for and being moved from a flat to a council house. We have added some text about Bristol\u2019s tower blocks. You said: Table 4 \u2013 How is it possible to have zero living or sleeping rooms in a house (ranges start from zero)? Please could this be explained. This suggests a house with only toilet and\/or kitchen.&nbsp; It would also be useful to see the median here. \n<b>Response<\/b>:The range beginning at zero &nbsp;includes bedsits or studio flats and also caravans and houseboats. You said: Table 5c. The last row adds up to 99.3%, while the rest of the rows add up to 100%. Please could this be checked. If due to missing data, a footnote would be useful. \n<b>Response<\/b>: This is a typo and has been corrected  You said: Table 6 Housing tenure.&nbsp; English housing tenure is a complicated area and something it would be worth explaining more in the introduction or methods as to why these categories were chosen and are meaningful. E.g. being bought from council \u2013 will be council housing but this is sometimes then sold on.&nbsp; It also relates more strongly to certain political eras. Private rented had fewer regulations in the 1980s but is better regulated now with insulation, safety certificates etc.&nbsp; Also, it\u2019s unclear whether housing tenure is a marker for SES or environmental conditions or social conditions\/neighbourhood or all of these.&nbsp; How does this correlate with other measures of SES? Have these analyses been conducted? &nbsp; \n<b>Response<\/b>: We are unaware of comparative analyses looking at all of these, but tenure certainly has been used as a marker for SES. Please see Appendix 1 for a selection of papers.  You said: Table 9. Moving home \u2013 how does this compare with other cohorts e.g. Born in Bradford?&nbsp; Is there a cohort effect or a geographical effect? Also the Longitudinal Survey looks at how far people move from the original home \u2013 have any such analyses been conducted for ALSPAC?&nbsp; This comparison information would be useful. \n<b>Response<\/b>: The authors are unaware of any comparisons with other cohorts.&nbsp; The aim of this data note is to describe the data available in ALSPAC and thus enable researchers to undertake comparative research if they wish.&nbsp; You said: Table 10. Please could the definition of homeless used be included. \n<b>We have done this.<\/b>","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/7-232\/v2#referee-comment-5195","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-5195","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.19953.r52709, Rebecca Bentley, Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, 11 Nov 2022, version 1, 2 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/7-232\/v1#referee-response-52709","order":2,"name":"referee-response-52709","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Yasmin Iles-Caven<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 01 Dec 2022<\/i>; \n<b>We have added the word \u2018external\u2019 to the title and hope this clarifies the content.<\/b>  The section entitled \u2018historical background and manmade environment\u2019 contains historical detail on the geographic area that dates to the stone age. While interesting, much of this text is not relevant to the housing-health relationships covered from 1991 on. This section, and some of the text of housing stock, could be much more succinctly summarised. Of use to readers most is information pertaining to noise and air pollution from motorways in the area. \n<b>As in our response to Reviewer<\/b> 1, we gave such historical detail to aid international researchers who may not be familiar with the evolution of Bristol and the Avon area and it\u2019s effect on housing and open spaces for example. The detail around the Bristol Blitz in WW2 is pertinent to this cohort where we have information on housing type from the grandparents to the index offspring and now their own children.  The data note could be made more useful to housing and health researchers with two additional sets of information:  More on the housing and health relationships that are explorable using these data (flagging any sources of bias). The paper broadly describes physical and mental health and childhood development as health outcomes. It would be useful to know how the health information maps to this housing information more specifically (e.g., asthma, allergies etc.) and what research has already been undertaken using these data.&nbsp;I note also that all measures are self-reported and issues relating to misclassification bias could also be addressed in this note.&nbsp;  \n<b>Response<\/b>: We have added text along the lines of the following: There are 2000+ papers published using ALSPAC data. The authors have selected a few papers that specifically mention \u2018housing\u2019 in relation to health outcomes and we have put these in an additional table (Appendix 1). In regard to misclassification bias, whilst this is possible in self-reported data, tenure and type of home is unlikely to be erroneous. The address histories have been geocoded and enables linkage to the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) for which we have derived variables, and also the wider environment such as proximity to main roads, green spaces and power lines. Geocoding could also clarify any misclassification errors.&nbsp; For those wishing to research the broader external environment it is worth reading this paper in conjunction with Boyd et al., 2019.  An overarching framework for conceptualising housing as an exposure. For example, using the concepts of housing affordability, security and suitability to categorise and group available measures (e.g., see Mansour et al 2022)\n<sup>1<\/sup>. These interrelated terms are useful for organising the many dimensions of measurement available on housing and an exposure that affects health. This might also offer a way to tie data notes one and two together (given that housing affordability, for example, is likely to be associated with housing condition). Authors might also consider these measures within a life course framework.&nbsp;  \n<b>Response:<\/b> It is feasible to consider the housing measures in this paper within the life course of both the parent and offspring cohorts.&nbsp; We agree that an overarching framework to conceptualise housing as an exposure would be useful, but is without the remit of this purely descriptive paper.","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/7-232\/v2#referee-comment-5196","order":3,"name":"referee-comment-5196","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.20699.r68441, Alexandra Farrow, School of Health and Lifesciences, Brunel University London, London, 03 Nov 2023, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/7-232\/v2#referee-response-68441","order":4,"name":"referee-response-68441","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"The UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome (grant ref: 217065\/Z\/19\/Z) and the University of Bristol currently provide core support for ALSPAC. This publication is the work of the authors. Yasmin Iles-Caven and Jean Golding will serve as guarantors for the contents of this paper. A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website. This documentation was specifically funded by the John Templeton Foundation (grant ref: 61917). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of this manuscript. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":5,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}