{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T19:34:20Z","timestamp":1780428860118,"version":"3.54.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.18054.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000}}],"reference-count":22,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["815439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["815439"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["221135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["222931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222931"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wellcomeopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wellcome Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns4:p>\n                    Background Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are a major cause of bloodstream infections amongst children in sub-Saharan Africa. A clear understanding of the seroepidemiology and correlates of protection for invasive NTS (iNTS) in relation to key risk factors (malaria, anaemia, malnutrition) in children in Africa is needed to inform strategies for disease control including vaccine implementation. Methodology The SAiNTS study is a prospective community cohort study with paired serology samples from 2500 Malawian children 0\u20135 years at baseline and three months to measure age-stratified acquisition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen antibody (IgG) and serum bactericidal activity to the main serovars causing iNTS (\n                    <ns4:italic>Salmonella<\/ns4:italic>\n                    Typhimurium and\n                    <ns4:italic>S<\/ns4:italic>\n                    . Enteritidis). Children are selected from mapped and censused randomly selected households in Chikwawa, Malawi; an area with substantial malaria burden. The sampling framework is set within a malaria vaccination (RTS,S\/ AS01) phase 4 cluster randomized trial, known as the Epidemiology Study of Malaria Transmission Intensity (EPI-MAL), allowing exploration of the impact of malaria vaccination on acquisition of immunity to NTS. Risk factor data for invasive disease will be collected using rapid diagnostic tests for malaria and anaemia, anthropometry for malnutrition, and a validated questionnaire for indicators of socioeconomic status, water and sanitation. All data will be recorded through electronic case report forms using the REDCap and the Open Data Kit (ODK) platforms. Stool sample analysis includes NTS culture and pan-Salmonella polymerase chain reaction to assess enteric exposure and biomarkers of environmental enteric dysfunction. Cases with iNTS disease will be followed up for comparison with community controls. Conclusions The final cohort of 2500 children will allow investigation into the impact of risk factors for iNTS on the acquisition of immunity in children 0\u20135 years in an endemic setting, including comparisons to partner seroepidemiology studies in three other sub-Saharan African sites (1000 children per site). The data generated will be key to informing iNTS disease control measures including targeted risk factor interventions and vaccine implementation through investigation of correlates of protection and identifying windows of immune susceptibility in at-risk populations.\n                  <\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.18054.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T05:42:47Z","timestamp":1724305367000},"page":"27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Understanding the epidemiology of iNTS disease in Africa in preparation for future iNTS- vaccine studies in endemic countries: Seroepidemiology in Africa of iNTS (SAiNTS) Study Protocol: Malawi site [Version 9.0]"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4171-1226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Dale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esmeda","family":"Chirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Makuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felistas","family":"Mwakiseghile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Misiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Innocent","family":"Kadwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice","family":"Mbewe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Happy","family":"Banda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niza","family":"Silungwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Chizani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kambiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1242-839X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Henrion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tonny","family":"Nyirenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0629-0884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melita","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Vacc-iNTS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923-94","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32225-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"392","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941-949","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2106.140999","article-title":"Global burden of invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease, 2010(1)","volume":"21","author":"T Ao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005493","article-title":"Development of a glycoconjugate vaccine to prevent invasive Salmonella Typhimurium infections in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"11","author":"S Baliban","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"ref-4","article-title":"IVI to accelerate efforts in iNTS vaccine development"},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419-426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.11.089","article-title":"Characterization of O-antigen delivered by Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA) vaccine candidates against nontyphoidal Salmonella","volume":"35","author":"G De Benedetto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"ref-6","article-title":"Understanding the epidemiology of iNTS disease in Africa inpreparation for future iNTS - 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Cutland, African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 21 Feb 2023, version 1, 4 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/8-27\/v1#referee-response-54266","order":0,"name":"referee-response-54266","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.20021.r66915, Shifeng Wang, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, 13 Oct 2023, version 1, 4 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/8-27\/v1#referee-response-66915","order":1,"name":"referee-response-66915","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.23635.r94408, Emma Slack, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich Foundation, Z\u00fcrich, Zurich, 23 Aug 2024, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/8-27\/v2#referee-response-94408","order":2,"name":"referee-response-94408","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.20021.r61031, Aaron P White, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, 27 Mar 2024, version 1, 4 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/8-27\/v1#referee-response-61031","order":3,"name":"referee-response-61031","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work is supported by Wellcome (221135, <a href=https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35802\/221135>; 222931, <a href=https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35802\/222931>); the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant agreement No 815439); and through the Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme Core Award (206545). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":4,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}