{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:22:05Z","timestamp":1792790525018,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["226014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["224315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["224315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["107769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107769"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wellcomeopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wellcome Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Severe anaemia and invasive bacterial infections remain important causes of hospitalization and death among young African children. The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance demand better understanding of bacteraemia risk factors to inform prevention strategies. Epidemiological studies have reported an association between severe anaemia and bacteraemia. In this review, we explore evidence that severe anaemia is associated with increased risk of invasive bacterial infections in young children. We describe mechanisms of iron dysregulation in severe anaemia that might contribute to increased risk and pathogenesis of invasive bacteria, recent advances in knowledge of how iron deficiency and severe anaemia impair immune responses to bacterial infections and vaccines, and the gaps in our understanding of mechanisms underlying severe anaemia, iron deficiency, and the risk of invasive bacterial infections.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.18829.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T08:09:56Z","timestamp":1675325396000},"page":"48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Severe anaemia, iron deficiency, and susceptibility to invasive bacterial infections"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5726-1776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelvin M.","family":"Abuga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Nairz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9694-0846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Calman A.","family":"MacLennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8360-4402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah H.","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417-32","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70072-4","article-title":"Community-acquired bloodstream infections in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"10","author":"E Reddy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39-47","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040275","article-title":"Bacteremia among children admitted to a rural hospital in Kenya.","volume":"352","author":"J Berkley","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108-13","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318187a87d","article-title":"Community-acquired bacteremia among children admitted to a rural hospital in Mozambique.","volume":"28","author":"B Siga\u00faque","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180-8","DOI":"10.1016\/s1201-9712(01)90067-0","article-title":"Community-acquired bacteremia among hospitalized children in rural central Africa.","volume":"5","author":"P Bahwere","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c1350","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c1350","article-title":"WHO guidelines for antimicrobial treatment in children admitted to hospital in an area of intense Plasmodium falciparum transmission: prospective study.","volume":"340","author":"B Nadjm","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e023445","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023445","article-title":"Paediatric postdischarge mortality in developing countries: a systematic review.","volume":"8","author":"B Nemetchek","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68180-4","article-title":"Incidence of clinically significant bacteraemia in children who present to hospital in Kenya: community-based observational study.","volume":"367","author":"A Brent","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-31","article-title":"Invasive bacterial co-infection in African children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a systematic review.","volume":"12","author":"J Church","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364-70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61374-X","article-title":"Bacteraemia in Kenyan children with sickle-cell anaemia: a retrospective cohort and case-control study.","volume":"374","author":"T Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-160","article-title":"Bacteraemia among severely malnourished children infected and uninfected with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 in Kampala, Uganda.","volume":"6","author":"H Bachou","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690-5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2011.08761.x","article-title":"Severe acquired anaemia in Africa: new concepts.","volume":"154","author":"M van Hensbroek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Haematol."},{"key":"ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1435-e1447","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30345-6","article-title":"Co-trimoxazole or multivitamin multimineral supplement for post-discharge outcomes after severe anaemia in African children: a randomised controlled trial.","volume":"7","author":"K Maitland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"key":"ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474-83","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00074-8","article-title":"Post-discharge morbidity and mortality in children admitted with severe anaemia and other health conditions in malaria-endemic settings in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"6","author":"T Kwambai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health."},{"key":"ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2903","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002903","article-title":"Long term outcome of severe anaemia in Malawian children.","volume":"3","author":"K Phiri","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16-25","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70001-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995-2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data.","volume":"1","author":"G Stevens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"key":"ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459-68","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.083568","article-title":"Spatial heterogeneity of haemoglobin concentration in preschool-age children in sub-Saharan Africa.","volume":"89","author":"R Soares Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247-308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.002","article-title":"The Global Burden of Anemia.","volume":"30","author":"N Kassebaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am."},{"key":"ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888-99","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072727","article-title":"Severe anemia in Malawian children.","volume":"358","author":"J Calis","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165-78","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-238.x","article-title":"Severe anaemia in children living in a malaria endemic area of Kenya.","volume":"2","author":"C Newton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health."},{"key":"ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-307","article-title":"Changing trends in blood transfusion in children and neonates admitted in Kilifi District Hospital, Kenya.","volume":"9","author":"R Pedro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12878-015-0033-5","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with severe anaemia amongst under-five children hospitalized at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania.","volume":"15","author":"R Simbauranga","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Hematol."},{"key":"ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655-60","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.55.655","article-title":"Childhood mortality during and after hospitalization in western Kenya: effect of malaria treatment regimens.","volume":"55","author":"J Zucker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"ref-23","article-title":"Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104-107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1151-1","article-title":"Synthesis and breakdown of universal metabolic precursors promoted by iron.","volume":"569","author":"K Muchowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00003","article-title":"Primitive and definitive erythropoiesis in mammals.","volume":"5","author":"J Palis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0122139","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122139","article-title":"Clinical indicators for bacterial co-infection in Ghanaian children with P. falciparum infection.","volume":"10","author":"M Nielsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671-6","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01864-10","article-title":"Bacteremia in Kenyan children presenting with malaria.","volume":"49","author":"T Were","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-28","first-page":"146-50","article-title":"Malaria with bacteraemia in acutely febrile preschool children without localizing signs: coincidence or association\/complication?","volume":"96","author":"G Akpede","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2574-2580","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0199","article-title":"Severe Anemia Is Associated with Systemic Inflammation in Young Children Presenting to a Tertiary Hospital in Uganda.","volume":"103","author":"R Opoka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945-51","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4146","article-title":"On-demand erythrocyte disposal and iron recycling requires transient macrophages in the liver.","volume":"22","author":"I Theurl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223-1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.01.069","article-title":"Heme-mediated SPI-C induction promotes monocyte differentiation into iron-recycling macrophages.","volume":"156","author":"M Haldar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"ref-32","first-page":"27-34","article-title":"Absorption of heme iron.","volume":"35","author":"C Uzel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin Hematol."},{"key":"ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755-9","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1057206","article-title":"An iron-regulated ferric reductase associated with the absorption of dietary iron.","volume":"291","author":"A McKie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482-8","DOI":"10.1038\/41343","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of a mammalian proton-coupled metal-ion transporter.","volume":"388","author":"H Gunshin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776-81","DOI":"10.1038\/35001596","article-title":"Positional cloning of zebrafish ferroportin1 identifies a conserved vertebrate iron exporter.","volume":"403","author":"A Donovan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2090-3","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1104742","article-title":"Hepcidin regulates cellular iron efflux by binding to ferroportin and inducing its internalization.","volume":"306","author":"E Nemeth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195-9","DOI":"10.1038\/5979","article-title":"Hephaestin, a ceruloplasmin homologue implicated in intestinal iron transport, is defective in the sla mouse.","volume":"21","author":"C Vulpe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"key":"ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322-32","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-012-0250-7","article-title":"Non transferrin bound iron: nature, manifestations and analytical approaches for estimation.","volume":"27","author":"M Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Clin Biochem."},{"key":"ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69-74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.07.003","article-title":"Erythropoietic regulators of iron metabolism.","volume":"133","author":"T Ganz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med."},{"key":"ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410-6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1959.tb36917.x","article-title":"Some quantitative aspects of erythropoiesis.","volume":"77","author":"C Finch","year":"1959","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678-84","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2996","article-title":"Identification of erythroferrone as an erythroid regulator of iron metabolism.","volume":"46","author":"L Kautz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"key":"ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037-1044","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI15686","article-title":"The gene encoding the iron regulatory peptide hepcidin is regulated by anemia, hypoxia, and inflammation.","volume":"110","author":"G Nicolas","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951-9","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-305317","article-title":"Hypoxia induced downregulation of hepcidin is mediated by platelet derived growth factor BB.","volume":"63","author":"T Sonnweber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01294","article-title":"Hepcidin and Anemia: A Tight Relationship.","volume":"10","author":"A Pagani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e78964","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078964","article-title":"Low hepcidin levels in severely anemic malawian children with high incidence of infectious diseases and bone marrow iron deficiency.","volume":"8","author":"F Jonker","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589-1598","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2021.279316","article-title":"Hepcidin regulation in Kenyan children with severe malaria and non-typhoidal Salmonella bacteremia.","volume":"107","author":"K Abuga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Haematologica."},{"key":"ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158-164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.024","article-title":"Decreased Hepcidin Levels Are Associated with Low Steady-state Hemoglobin in Children With Sickle Cell Disease in Tanzania.","volume":"34","author":"N Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine."},{"key":"ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133-43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)67962-2","article-title":"Effects of routine prophylactic supplementation with iron and folic acid on admission to hospital and mortality in preschool children in a high malaria transmission setting: community-based, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"367","author":"S Sazawal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492-504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.016","article-title":"Macrophages and Iron Metabolism.","volume":"44","author":"M Soares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276-84","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-11-451229","article-title":"Hemolysis and free hemoglobin revisited: exploring hemoglobin and hemin scavengers as a novel class of therapeutic proteins.","volume":"121","author":"D Schaer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807-1814","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy791","article-title":"Iron Status and Associated Malaria Risk Among African Children.","volume":"68","author":"J Muriuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42670","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042670","article-title":"Iron status predicts malaria risk in Malawian preschool children.","volume":"7","author":"F Jonker","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731-42","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307720","article-title":"Iron fortification adversely affects the gut microbiome, increases pathogen abundance and induces intestinal inflammation in Kenyan infants.","volume":"64","author":"T Jaeggi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2133935","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.33935","article-title":"Risk of Infection Associated With Administration of Intravenous Iron: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","volume":"4","author":"A Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63-7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2009.01.011","article-title":"Iron in innate immunity: starve the invaders.","volume":"21","author":"T Ganz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol."},{"key":"ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000949","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000949","article-title":"The battle for iron between bacterial pathogens and their vertebrate hosts.","volume":"6","author":"E Skaar","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525-37","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2836","article-title":"Nutritional immunity: transition metals at the pathogen-host interface.","volume":"10","author":"M Hood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00253-18","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00253-18","article-title":"Hepcidin Protects against Lethal Escherichia coli Sepsis in Mice Inoculated with Isolates from Septic Patients.","volume":"86","author":"D Stefanova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245-257","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-03-772715","article-title":"Endogenous hepcidin and its agonist mediate resistance to selected infections by clearing non-transferrin-bound iron.","volume":"130","author":"D Stefanova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92002","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.92002","article-title":"Hepcidin-mediated iron sequestration protects against bacterial dissemination during pneumonia.","volume":"2","author":"K Michels","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight."},{"key":"ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335-7","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3526","article-title":"Hypoferremia of infection: a double-edged sword?","volume":"20","author":"K Lokken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40-50","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-06-856500","article-title":"Anemia of inflammation.","volume":"133","author":"G Weiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4038-44","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-10-051755","article-title":"Hepcidin antimicrobial peptide transgenic mice exhibit features of the anemia of inflammation.","volume":"109","author":"C Roy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaw9522","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw9522","article-title":"Immune system development varies according to age, location, and anemia in African children.","volume":"12","author":"D Hill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"key":"ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6976","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186976","article-title":"How Severe Anaemia Might Influence the Risk of Invasive Bacterial Infections in African Children.","volume":"21","author":"K Abuga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"ref-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G705-G716","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00324.2019","article-title":"Severe neonatal anemia increases intestinal permeability by disrupting epithelial adherens junctions.","volume":"318","author":"K MohanKumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233-1245","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15254","article-title":"Anemia induces gut inflammation and injury in an animal model of preterm infants.","volume":"59","author":"C Arthur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfusion."},{"key":"ref-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-117","article-title":"Endotoxaemia is common in children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria.","volume":"13","author":"P Olupot-Olupot","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002833","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002833","article-title":"Associations of genetically determined iron status across the phenome: A mendelian randomization study.","volume":"16","author":"D Gill","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref-70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01221","article-title":"The Biology of Lactoferrin, an Iron-Binding Protein That Can Help Defend Against Viruses and Bacteria.","volume":"11","author":"D Kell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103-130","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071816-064559","article-title":"Lipocalin 2: An Emerging Player in Iron Homeostasis and Inflammation.","volume":"37","author":"X Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr."},{"key":"ref-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182-203","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12266","article-title":"Macrophage defense mechanisms against intracellular bacteria.","volume":"264","author":"G Weiss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol Rev."},{"key":"ref-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3727-32","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-06-2259","article-title":"TLR4-dependent hepcidin expression by myeloid cells in response to bacterial pathogens.","volume":"107","author":"C Peyssonnaux","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"ref-74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3322-8","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39939","article-title":"Selective modulation of TLR4-activated inflammatory responses by altered iron homeostasis in mice.","volume":"119","author":"L Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"ref-75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabq4469","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq4469","article-title":"Iron regulatory protein (IRP)-mediated iron homeostasis is critical for neutrophil development and differentiation in the bone marrow.","volume":"8","author":"M Bonadonna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"key":"ref-76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabq5384","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq5384","article-title":"Plasma iron controls neutrophil production and function.","volume":"8","author":"J Frost","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Adv."},{"key":"ref-77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120-7","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2601","article-title":"Malaria impairs resistance to Salmonella through heme- and heme oxygenase-dependent dysfunctional granulocyte mobilization.","volume":"18","author":"A Cunnington","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"ref-78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520-7","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00887-09","article-title":"Both hemolytic anemia and malaria parasite-specific factors increase susceptibility to Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection in mice.","volume":"78","author":"C Roux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"ref-79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302-11","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.18","article-title":"The mucosal inflammatory response to non-typhoidal Salmonella in the intestine is blunted by IL-10 during concurrent malaria parasite infection.","volume":"7","author":"J Mooney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref-80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004049","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004049","article-title":"Malaria parasite infection compromises control of concurrent systemic non-typhoidal Salmonella infection via IL-10-mediated alteration of myeloid cell function.","volume":"10","author":"K Lokken","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref-81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8899","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.8899","article-title":"Iron Deficiency Anemia-Induced Neutropenia in Adult Female.","volume":"12","author":"E Abdelmahmuod","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"ref-82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512-5","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1999.01756.x","article-title":"Neutrophil hypersegmentation in iron deficiency anaemia: a case-control study.","volume":"107","author":"D Westerman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Haematol."},{"key":"ref-83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235-8","DOI":"10.1080\/08880010252899398","article-title":"Neutrophil hypersegmentation in children with iron deficiency anemia.","volume":"19","author":"T Sipahi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Hematol Oncol."},{"key":"ref-84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464-8","DOI":"10.1182\/BLOOD.V69.5.1464.1464","article-title":"Iron deficiency and neutrophil function: different rates of correction of the depressions in oxidative burst and myeloperoxidase activity after iron treatment.","volume":"69","author":"H Murakawa","year":"1987","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"ref-85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00333","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20160031","article-title":"Iron-chelating agent desferrioxamine stimulates formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in human blood-derived neutrophils.","volume":"36","author":"L V\u00f6llger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosci Rep."},{"key":"ref-86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V128.22.161.161","article-title":"Free iron in sera of patients with sickle cell disease contributes to the release of neutrophil extracellular traps.","volume":"128","author":"K Van Avondt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"ref-87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118-22","DOI":"10.1016\/s0163-4453(84)92414-9","article-title":"Defective phagocytic and bactericidal function of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in patients with beta-thalassaemia major.","volume":"8","author":"A Skoutelis","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Infect."},{"key":"ref-88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3853-3863","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020002198","article-title":"Neutrophils from hereditary hemochromatosis patients are protected from iron excess and are primed.","volume":"4","author":"C Renassia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref-89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15602-7","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.242614699","article-title":"The hemochromatosis protein HFE inhibits iron export from macrophages.","volume":"99","author":"H Drakesmith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"ref-90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125-9","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.3.1125","article-title":"Wild-type HFE protein normalizes transferrin iron accumulation in macrophages from subjects with hereditary hemochromatosis.","volume":"96","author":"G Montosi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"ref-91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39363","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039363","article-title":"Hfe deficiency impairs pulmonary neutrophil recruitment in response to inflammation.","volume":"7","author":"K Benesova","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref-92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824-35","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939889","article-title":"Differential regulation of iron homeostasis during human macrophage polarized activation.","volume":"40","author":"S Recalcati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"ref-93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473-86","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-08-663245","article-title":"Hemopexin therapy reverts heme-induced proinflammatory phenotypic switching of macrophages in a mouse model of sickle cell disease.","volume":"127","author":"F Vinchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"ref-94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02638-16","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02638-16","article-title":"Synthetic Porcine Hepcidin Exhibits Different Roles in Escherichia coli and Salmonella Infections.","volume":"61","author":"D Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref-95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00353-17","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00353-17","article-title":"Hepcidin-(In)dependent Mechanisms of Iron Metabolism Regulation during Infection by Listeria and Salmonella.","volume":"85","author":"A Moreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"ref-96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2126-40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2007.00942.x","article-title":"The co-ordinated regulation of iron homeostasis in murine macrophages limits the availability of iron for intracellular Salmonella typhimurium.","volume":"9","author":"M Nairz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498-511.e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.06.039","article-title":"Acute Iron Deprivation Reprograms Human Macrophage Metabolism and Reduces Inflammation In Vivo.","volume":"28","author":"M Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref-98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727-34","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2002.03498.x","article-title":"Differentiation of functional dendritic cells and macrophages from human peripheral blood monocyte precursors is dependent on expression of p21 (WAF1\/CIP1) and requires iron.","volume":"117","author":"J Kramer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Haematol."},{"key":"ref-99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2048-55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.11.005","article-title":"Ferritin-Mediated Iron Sequestration Stabilizes Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1\u03b1 upon LPS Activation in the Presence of Ample Oxygen.","volume":"13","author":"I Siegert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref-100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450-1465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-022-00932-1","article-title":"Heme-stress activated NRF2 skews fate trajectories of bone marrow cells from dendritic cells towards red pulp-like macrophages in hemolytic anemia.","volume":"29","author":"F Vallelian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref-101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186-189","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6481","article-title":"Dendritic cell-derived hepcidin sequesters iron from the microbiota to promote mucosal healing.","volume":"368","author":"N Bessman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"ref-102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455-464","DOI":"10.1159\/000491439","article-title":"Complement and Bacterial Infections: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Applications.","volume":"10","author":"D Heesterbeek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref-103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799-811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2015.09.006","article-title":"Pentraxins and Collectins: Friend or Foe during Pathogen Invasion?","volume":"23","author":"S Foo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2482-2488","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02379-2","article-title":"Serum Iron and Ferritin Levels Are Correlated with Complement C3.","volume":"199","author":"S Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res."},{"key":"ref-105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899-902","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(75)80221-6","article-title":"Impaired immunocompetence associated with iron deficiency.","volume":"86","author":"R Chandra","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"ref-106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164-179.e12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2020.10.004","article-title":"Hepcidin-Mediated Hypoferremia Disrupts Immune Responses to Vaccination and Infection.","volume":"2","author":"J Frost","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med (N Y)."},{"key":"ref-107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218-30","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(89)90162-7","article-title":"Inhibition of lymphocyte activation with anti-transferrin receptor Mabs: a comparison of three reagents and further studies of their range of effects and mechanism of action.","volume":"122","author":"J Kemp","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref-108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80-92.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.05.008","article-title":"Iron Drives T Helper Cell Pathogenicity by Promoting RNA-Binding Protein PCBP1-Mediated Proinflammatory Cytokine Production.","volume":"49","author":"Z Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"ref-109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3711-8","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-04-1086","article-title":"Transferrin receptor 1 is differentially required in lymphocyte development.","volume":"102","author":"R Ned","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"ref-110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11002-5","article-title":"Iron-dependent histone 3 lysine 9 demethylation controls B cell proliferation and humoral immune responses.","volume":"10","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"ref-111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74-8","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3465","article-title":"A missense mutation in TFRC, encoding transferrin receptor 1, causes combined immunodeficiency.","volume":"48","author":"H Jabara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"key":"ref-112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616S-633S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.2.616S","article-title":"Iron and its relation to immunity and infectious disease.","volume":"131","author":"S Oppenheimer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"ref-113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158-63","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.127317","article-title":"Impact of iron deficiency anemia on cell-mediated and humoral immunity in children: A case control study.","volume":"5","author":"I Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nat Sci Biol Med."},{"key":"ref-114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5395","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005395","article-title":"Impact of iron deficiency anemia on the function of the immune system in children.","volume":"95","author":"T Hassan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"key":"ref-115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15750.2","article-title":"Interferon-gamma polymorphisms and risk of iron deficiency and anaemia in Gambian children [version 2; peer review: 2 approved].","volume":"5","author":"K Abuga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"ref-116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660-7","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2010.022426","article-title":"Severe iron deficiency blunts the response of the iron regulatory gene Hamp and pro-inflammatory cytokines to lipopolysaccharide.","volume":"95","author":"D Darshan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Haematologica."},{"key":"ref-117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466-73","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2001.01707.x","article-title":"The effects of iron deficiency on lymphocyte cytokine production and activation: preservation of hepatic iron but not at all cost.","volume":"126","author":"J Jason","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."},{"key":"ref-118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482-500","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201540558","article-title":"The Iron age of host-microbe interactions.","volume":"16","author":"M Soares","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref-119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2020.100864","article-title":"Iron in infection and immunity.","volume":"75","author":"M Nairz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med."},{"key":"ref-120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6493","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126493","article-title":"Hepcidin-Ferroportin Interaction Controls Systemic Iron Homeostasis.","volume":"22","author":"E Nemeth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"ref-121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47-57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.12.001","article-title":"Hepcidin-induced hypoferremia is a critical host defense mechanism against the siderophilic bacterium Vibrio vulnificus.","volume":"17","author":"J Arezes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"ref-122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419-24","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3483","article-title":"Inverse agonist of estrogen-related receptor gamma controls Salmonella typhimurium infection by modulating host iron homeostasis.","volume":"20","author":"D Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"ref-123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765-71","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1891","article-title":"Human calprotectin is an iron-sequestering host-defense protein.","volume":"11","author":"T Nakashige","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol."},{"key":"ref-124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365-81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2009.01337.x","article-title":"Slc11a1 limits intracellular growth of Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium by promoting macrophage immune effector functions and impairing bacterial iron acquisition.","volume":"11","author":"M Nairz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18984-90","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R115.643973","article-title":"Nramp1 and Other Transporters Involved in Metal Withholding during Infection.","volume":"290","author":"M Wessling-Resnick","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"ref-126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1985.00360100178031","article-title":"Escherichia coli bacteremia, meningitis, and hemochromatosis.","volume":"145","author":"G Christopher","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"ref-127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606-9","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1991.00400080096018","article-title":"Hemochromatosis, iron and septicemia caused by Vibrio vulnificus.","volume":"151","author":"J Bullen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"ref-128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7-15","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-017-2366-2","article-title":"Iron and infection.","volume":"107","author":"T Ganz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Hematol."},{"key":"ref-129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923-36","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200738056","article-title":"Interferon-gamma limits the availability of iron for intramacrophage Salmonella typhimurium.","volume":"38","author":"M Nairz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"ref-130","first-page":"605-10","article-title":"Iron modulates interferon-gamma effects in the human myelomonocytic cell line THP-1.","volume":"20","author":"G Weiss","year":"1992","journal-title":"Exp Hematol."},{"key":"ref-131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287-94","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0802420","article-title":"Pathways for the regulation of interferon-gamma-inducible genes by iron in human monocytic cells.","volume":"74","author":"H Oexle","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol."},{"key":"ref-132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3065-7","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.5.3065-3067.2006","article-title":"The iron efflux protein ferroportin regulates the intracellular growth of Salmonella enterica.","volume":"74","author":"S Chlosta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"ref-133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04446-8","article-title":"The hepcidin-ferroportin axis controls the iron content of Salmonella-containing vacuoles in macrophages.","volume":"9","author":"D Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"ref-134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459-474","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020002833","article-title":"Rapid removal of phagosomal ferroportin in macrophages contributes to nutritional immunity.","volume":"5","author":"R Flannagan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref-135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02211","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02211-14","article-title":"Salmonella enterica infection stimulates macrophages to hemophagocytose.","volume":"5","author":"M Pilonieta","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio."},{"key":"ref-136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00059","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation by Ferric Uptake Regulator (Fur) in pathogenic bacteria.","volume":"3","author":"B Troxell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249-262","DOI":"10.1159\/000494627","article-title":"The Iron Tug-of-War between Bacterial Siderophores and Innate Immunity.","volume":"11","author":"R Golonka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref-138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109-19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2007.03.001","article-title":"A Staphylococcus aureus regulatory system that responds to host heme and modulates virulence.","volume":"1","author":"V Torres","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"ref-139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.3.909-917.2003","article-title":"Heme-responsive transcriptional activation of Bordetella bhu genes.","volume":"185","author":"C Vanderpool","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref-140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2421-31","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01821-06","article-title":"The ChrA-ChrS and HrrA-HrrS signal transduction systems are required for activation of the hmuO promoter and repression of the hemA promoter in Corynebacterium diphtheriae.","volume":"75","author":"L Bibb","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"ref-141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34-41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2013.12.014","article-title":"Heme uptake in bacterial pathogens.","volume":"19","author":"H Contreras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Chem Biol."},{"key":"ref-142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00081","article-title":"Heme Uptake and Utilization by Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens.","volume":"9","author":"K Richard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917-21","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03104","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 mediates an innate immune response to bacterial infection by sequestrating iron.","volume":"432","author":"T Flo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"ref-144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaai8371","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aai8371","article-title":"IL-22 Controls Iron-Dependent Nutritional Immunity Against Systemic Bacterial Infections.","volume":"2","author":"K Sakamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Immunol."},{"key":"ref-145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422-4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.05.005","article-title":"A precious metal heist.","volume":"5","author":"E Skaar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"ref-146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83-92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2013.02.009","article-title":"Structural insight into the lactoferrin receptors from pathogenic Neisseria.","volume":"184","author":"N Noinaj","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Struct Biol."},{"key":"ref-147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02624-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02624-18","article-title":"Dopamine Is a Siderophore-Like Iron Chelator That Promotes Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Virulence in Mice.","volume":"10","author":"S Dichtl","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio."},{"key":"ref-148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2020.100895","article-title":"Iron at the host-microbe interface.","volume":"75","author":"R Gerner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med."},{"key":"ref-149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02086","article-title":"The Diversity of Mammalian Hemoproteins and Microbial Heme Scavengers Is Shaped by an Arms Race for Iron Piracy.","volume":"9","author":"A Mozzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"ref-150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368-78","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.3010","article-title":"Effect of an investigational vaccine for preventing Staphylococcus aureus infections after cardiothoracic surgery: a randomized trial.","volume":"309","author":"V Fowler","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"ref-151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729-36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.12.045","article-title":"The immunogenicity and safety of different formulations of a novel Staphylococcus aureus vaccine (V710): results of two Phase I studies.","volume":"30","author":"C Harro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"ref-152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3513-6","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.34407","article-title":"Mortality among recipients of the Merck V710 Staphylococcus aureus vaccine after postoperative S. aureus infections: an analysis of possible contributing host factors.","volume":"10","author":"T McNeely","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother."},{"key":"ref-153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849-1858","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26131-0","article-title":"Antigenic diversity of meningococcal enterobactin receptor FetA, a vaccine component.","volume":"149","author":"E Thompson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading)."},{"key":"ref-154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7164-9","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.12.7164-7169.2003","article-title":"The Siderophore receptor IroN of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli is a potential vaccine candidate.","volume":"71","author":"T Russo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"ref-155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518-27","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.91.4.518","article-title":"The Influence of Hemolysis on Susceptibility to Salmonella Infection: Additional Observations.","volume":"91","author":"D Kaye","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"ref-156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810-3","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-120-30661","article-title":"Influence of Plasmodium berghei infection on susceptibility to salmonella infection.","volume":"120","author":"D Kaye","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med."},{"key":"ref-157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205-15","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-196708000-00011","article-title":"Factors influencing host resistance to Salmonella infections: the effects of hemolysis and erythrophagocytosis.","volume":"254","author":"D Kaye","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci."},{"key":"ref-158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00301-18","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00301-18","article-title":"Malaria Parasite-Mediated Alteration of Macrophage Function and Increased Iron Availability Predispose to Disseminated Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infection.","volume":"86","author":"K Lokken","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"ref-159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-1502-7","article-title":"Estimating the burden of iron deficiency among African children.","volume":"18","author":"J Muriuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref-160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402S-415S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.142323","article-title":"Predictors of anemia in preschool children: Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project.","volume":"106","author":"R Engle-Stone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"ref-161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757-64","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0560","article-title":"Determinants of anemia among preschool children in rural, western Kenya.","volume":"88","author":"E Foote","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"ref-162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361-1372","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3590","article-title":"Heme drives hemolysis-induced susceptibility to infection via disruption of phagocyte functions.","volume":"17","author":"R Martins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"ref-163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14-20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2017.10.005","article-title":"Heme and hemolysis in innate immunity: adding insult to injury.","volume":"50","author":"R Martins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol."},{"key":"ref-164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374-89","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12578","article-title":"Heme oxygenase 1 controls early innate immune response of macrophages to Salmonella Typhimurium infection.","volume":"18","author":"A Mitterstiller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331-8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.04.003","article-title":"Heme oxygenase-1 is an anti-inflammatory host factor that promotes murine plasmodium liver infection.","volume":"3","author":"S Epiphanio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"ref-166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253-266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-00342-x","article-title":"Heme oxygenase-1 inhibition promotes IFN\u03b3- and NOS2-mediated control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.","volume":"14","author":"D Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref-167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50-8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2008.12.004","article-title":"Heme oxygenase-1: from biology to therapeutic potential.","volume":"15","author":"M Soares","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med."},{"key":"ref-168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833-43","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(75)80211-3","article-title":"The immune response in iron-deficient children: Impaired cellular defense mechanisms with altered humoral components.","volume":"86","author":"L Macdougall","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"ref-169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307-1309","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(76)92647-7","article-title":"Anaemia and immune response.","volume":"307","author":"S Srikantia","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82330-0","article-title":"Events associated with susceptibility to invasive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in BALB\/c mice previously infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA.","volume":"11","author":"Y Moreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"ref-171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169-75","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4439(96)00021-x","article-title":"Phagocytosis of malarial pigment hemozoin inhibits NADPH-oxidase activity in human monocyte-derived macrophages.","volume":"1316","author":"E Schwarzer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta."},{"key":"ref-172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942-9","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1998.01126.x","article-title":"Dyserythropoiesis and severe anaemia associated with malaria correlate with deficient interleukin-12 production.","volume":"103","author":"K Mohan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Haematol."},{"key":"ref-173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755-7","DOI":"10.1086\/425021","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 are key cytokines for immunity against Salmonella in humans.","volume":"190","author":"C MacLennan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103568","article-title":"Baseline iron status and presence of anaemia determine the course of systemic Salmonella infection following oral iron supplementation in mice.","volume":"71","author":"A Hoffmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine."},{"key":"ref-175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1604-1","article-title":"Microbiological, clinical and molecular findings of non-typhoidal Salmonella bloodstream infections associated with malaria, Oriental Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo.","volume":"16","author":"D Falay","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230-6","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000202066.02212.ff","article-title":"Salmonella bacteremia in Kenyan children.","volume":"25","author":"A Brent","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"ref-177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895-904","DOI":"10.1086\/511437","article-title":"Bacteremia in Malawian children with severe malaria: prevalence, etiology, HIV coinfection, and outcome.","volume":"195","author":"R Bronzan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-178","first-page":"11-5","article-title":"The pattern of bacteraemia in children with severe malaria.","volume":"14","author":"S Graham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Malawi Med J."},{"key":"ref-179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310-4","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(00)90337-7","article-title":"Clinical presentation of non-typhoidal Salmonella bacteraemia in Malawian children.","volume":"94","author":"S Graham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"ref-180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312-8","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200004000-00010","article-title":"Bacteremia in febrile Malawian children: clinical and microbiologic features.","volume":"19","author":"A Walsh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"ref-181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S339-45","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ712","article-title":"Invasive Salmonella Infections Among Children From Rural Mozambique, 2001-2014.","volume":"61 Suppl 4","author":"I Mandomando","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467-74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02399.x","article-title":"Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella in Mozambican children.","volume":"14","author":"I Mandomando","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health."},{"key":"ref-183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638-47","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit798","article-title":"Invasive Salmonella infections in areas of high and low malaria transmission intensity in Tanzania.","volume":"58","author":"H Biggs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9244","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009244","article-title":"Invasive salmonellosis among children admitted to a rural Tanzanian hospital and a comparison with previous studies.","volume":"5","author":"G Mtove","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref-185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S23-31","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ893","article-title":"The Relationship Between Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Disease, Other Bacterial Bloodstream Infections, and Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa.","volume":"62 Suppl 1","author":"S Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref-186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478-93","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.29054","article-title":"Vaccines against invasive Salmonella disease: current status and future directions.","volume":"10","author":"C MacLennan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother."},{"key":"ref-187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287-302","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00506-3","article-title":"The role of vaccines in combatting antimicrobial resistance.","volume":"19","author":"F Micoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"ref-188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e666-e669","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(21)00201-5","article-title":"Vaccine efficacy and iron deficiency: an intertwined pair?","volume":"8","author":"H Drakesmith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref-189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154s-218s","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.105312","article-title":"Landscape analysis of interactions between nutrition and vaccine responses in children.","volume":"139","author":"M Savy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"ref-190","first-page":"405-7","article-title":"The immune response in iron-deficient children. Isohaemagglutinin titres and antibody response to immunization.","volume":"53","author":"L MacDougall","year":"1978","journal-title":"S Afr Med J."},{"key":"ref-191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249-51","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.280.6226.1249","article-title":"Humoral immune response in children with iron-deficiency anaemia.","volume":"280","author":"K Bagchi","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br Med J."},{"key":"ref-192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01313","article-title":"Iron Deficiency Anemia at Time of Vaccination Predicts Decreased Vaccine Response and Iron Supplementation at Time of Vaccination Increases Humoral Vaccine Response: A Birth Cohort Study and a Randomized Trial Follow-Up Study in Kenyan Infants.","volume":"11","author":"N Stoffel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"ref-193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62-8","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.2.1.62-68.1995","article-title":"Effect of malnutrition in Ecuadorian children on titers of serum antibodies to various microbial antigens.","volume":"2","author":"H Br\u00fcssow","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol."}],"container-title":["Wellcome Open Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/8-48\/v1\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/8-48\/v1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/8-48\/v1\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T06:07:29Z","timestamp":1692338849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/8-48\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"references-count":193,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.18829.1","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.20875.r61498","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.20875.r55343","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.20875.r61498","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.20875.r55343","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2398-502X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-502X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/8-48\/v1#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.20875.r55343, Jason P. Mooney, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, 24 Mar 2023, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/8-48\/v1#referee-response-55343","order":0,"name":"referee-response-55343","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.20875.r61498, Gaetano Cairo, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Lombardy, 18 Aug 2023, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/8-48\/v1#referee-response-61498","order":1,"name":"referee-response-61498","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work was supported by Wellcome [226014 to SHA; 224315 to KMA; 203077, <a href=https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35802\/203077>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.35802\/203077<\/a>, a core award to the KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme]; the DELTAS Africa Initiative [DEL-15-003 to KMA]. The DELTAS Africa Initiative is an independent funding scheme of the African Academy of Sciences (AAS)'s Alliance for Accelerating Excellence in Science in Africa (AESA) and supported by the New Partnership for Africa's Development Planning and Coordinating Agency (NEPAD Agency) with funding from Wellcome [107769] and the UK government. For the purpose of Open Access, the author has applied a CC-BY public copyright licence to any author accepted manuscript version arising from this submission. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}