{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T15:42:52Z","timestamp":1789659772031,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.20916.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000}}],"reference-count":40,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["209560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["209560"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wellcomeopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wellcome Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Background Gestation at birth is associated with short and long-term outcomes. This study used high quality, national, administrative data to examine trends in gestation at birth in Scotland. Methods This observational study used maternity hospital discharge records for 2005 to 2019 to determine trends in the percentage of live births that were preterm (&lt;37 weeks gestation), term (37\u201341 weeks), and post-term (\u226542 weeks), overall and by maternal age and deprivation category. Preterm births were further examined by category of preterm birth (moderate to late [32\u201336 weeks]; very [28\u201331 weeks]; extremely [&lt;28 weeks] preterm), and onset of labour (spontaneous; provider-initiated). Singleton and multiple births were examined separately. Aggregate logistic regression was used to estimate the annual change in the odds of a birth being in a specified gestational category. Results The percentage of singleton births in Scotland that were preterm decreased from 2005 (6.5%, 3,361\/51,665) to 2010 (5.8%, 3268\/56344), then increased to 2019 (7.2%, 3,408\/47,507). The percentage of singleton births that were spontaneous moderate to late, very, and extremely preterm all increased between 2010 and 2019. The percentage of singleton births that were provider-initiated moderate to late preterm also increased between 2010 and 2019, however provider-initiated very or extremely preterm birth decreased. The percentage of singleton births that were preterm increased over time across all maternal age and deprivation categories, with increases greatest in groups at highest baseline risk. The percentage of singleton births that were post-term increased from 2005 to 2009, then decreased to 2019. Conclusions There has been an increase in spontaneous preterm birth from 2010 to 2019, which is not fully explained by changes in maternal age or deprivation. Further research to examine the contribution of other, preventable, risk factors is warranted. Trends in provider-initiated preterm birth, and post-term birth, are likely to reflect changing clinical practice.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.20916.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T04:40:07Z","timestamp":1728448807000},"page":"254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Trends in gestational age at live birth in Scotland from 2005 to 2019: a population-based study"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9071-7978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonya","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9651-4193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeeva","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Calvert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4453-623X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4308-856X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Stock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60136-1","article-title":"An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood.","volume":"371","author":"S Saigal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106-15","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00311-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of under\u20135 mortality in 2000\u201319: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals.","volume":"6","author":"J Perin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health."},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513-23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800566","article-title":"Labor induction versus expectant management in low-risk nulliparous women.","volume":"379","author":"W Grobman","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l344","article-title":"Induction of labour at 41 weeks versus expectant management until 42 weeks (INDEX): multicentre, randomised non-inferiority trial.","volume":"364","author":"J Keulen","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6131","article-title":"Induction of labour at 41 weeks versus expectant management and induction of labour at 42 weeks (SWEdish Post-term Induction Study, SWEPIS): multicentre, open label, randomised, superiority trial.","volume":"367","author":"U Wennerholm","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003436","article-title":"Induction of labour at 41 weeks or expectant management until 42 weeks: a systematic review and an individual participant data meta-analysis of randomised trials.","volume":"17","author":"M Alkmark","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37-e46","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30451-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: a systematic review and modelling analysis.","volume":"7","author":"S Chawanpaiboon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"key":"ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"Preterm birth: causes, consequences, and prevention","year":"2007","DOI":"10.17226\/11622"},{"key":"ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100205","article-title":"Association of neighbourhood socioeconomic trajectories with preterm birth and small\u2013for\u2013gestational\u2013age in the Netherlands: a nationwide population\u2013based study.","volume":"10","author":"L Burgos Ochoa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur."},{"key":"ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009494","article-title":"A cohort study of trends in the prevalence of pregestational diabetes in pregnancy recorded in UK general practice between 1995 and 2012.","volume":"6","author":"S Coton","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191002","article-title":"Effect of maternal age on the risk of preterm birth: a large cohort study.","volume":"13","author":"F Fuchs","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref-12","article-title":"Births in Scotland: year ending 31 March 2022","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3-12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2018.04.003","article-title":"The global epidemiology of preterm birth.","volume":"52","author":"J Vogel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084-91","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000158124.96300.c7","article-title":"Trends in preterm birth and perinatal mortality among singletons: United States, 1989 through 2000.","volume":"105","author":"C Ananth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035-41","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000215984.36989.5e","article-title":"Temporal trends of preterm birth subtypes and neonatal outcomes.","volume":"107","author":"F Barros","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105-14","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12467","article-title":"Preterm births in Iceland 1997-2016: preterm birth rates by gestational age groups and type of preterm birth.","volume":"47","author":"A Gr\u00e9tarsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Birth."},{"key":"ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356-65","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12281","article-title":"Preterm birth time trends in Europe: a study of 19 countries.","volume":"120","author":"J Zeitlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJOG."},{"key":"ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2162-72","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60820-4","article-title":"National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications.","volume":"379","author":"H Blencowe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-19","article-title":"The European perinatal health report 2015-2019","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref-20","article-title":"Maternity inpatient and day case: Scottish Morbidity Record (SMR02)"},{"key":"ref-21","article-title":"SMR02: maternity inpatient and day case"},{"key":"ref-22","article-title":"Data quality assurance: assessment of maternity data (SMR02) 2008-2009","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000153","article-title":"The effect of changing patterns of obstetric care in Scotland (1980-2004) on rates of preterm birth and its neonatal consequences: perinatal database study.","volume":"6","author":"J Norman","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529-44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01522-y","article-title":"Changes in preterm birth and stillbirth during COVID-19 lockdowns in 26 countries.","volume":"7","author":"C Calvert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav."},{"key":"ref-25","article-title":"Public-Health-Scotland\/preterm_trends_public: v.1.0 (v1.0).","author":"E Moore","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zenodo."},{"key":"ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247-53","DOI":"10.3109\/00016347709162009","article-title":"WHO: recommended definitions, terminology and format for statistical tables related to the perinatal period and use of a new certificate for cause of perinatal deaths. Modifications recommended by FIGO as amended October 14, 1976.","volume":"56","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand."},{"key":"ref-27","article-title":"Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2020"},{"key":"ref-28","article-title":"The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD)"},{"key":"ref-29","article-title":"Scottish health and social care open data"},{"key":"ref-30","article-title":"NHS Scotland Public Benefit and Privacy Panel for Health and Social Care (PBPP-HSC)"},{"key":"ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140-181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10618-008-0114-1","article-title":"Controlled experiments on the web: survey and practical guide.","volume":"18","author":"R Kohavi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Data Min Knowl Discov."},{"key":"ref-32","article-title":"Antenatal care: NICE guideline [NG201]","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref-33","first-page":"1432-5","article-title":"Detection and management of intauterine growth retardation: a British approach.","author":"S Campbell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynaecology."},{"key":"ref-34","article-title":"Antenatal booking in Scotland: calendar year ending 31 December 2022","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref-35","article-title":"Committee opinion: methods for estimating the due date","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097-1103","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08732-3","article-title":"Variation in rates of postterm birth in Europe: reality or artefact?","volume":"114","author":"J Zeitlin","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology."},{"key":"ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323-31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60102-6","article-title":"Financial crisis, austerity, and health in Europe.","volume":"381","author":"M Karanikolos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2016-000157","article-title":"Effects of economic downturns on child mortality: a global economic analysis, 1981-2010.","volume":"2","author":"M Maruthappu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health."},{"key":"ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08732-3","article-title":"Austerity policy and child health in European countries: a systematic literature review.","volume":"20","author":"L Rajmil","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"ref-40","article-title":"Vital events reference tables 2021","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["Wellcome Open Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/9-254\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/9-254\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/9-254\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T05:50:12Z","timestamp":1730440212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/9-254\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.20916.2","relation":{"has-version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.20916.1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.25521.r104184","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.25521.r104184","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.25521.r108030","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.25521.r106876","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2398-502X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-502X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/9-254\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.23142.r90781, Xianqiong Luo, Huazhang Miao, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, 15 Aug 2024, version 1, 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/9-254\/v1#referee-response-90781","order":0,"name":"referee-response-90781","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.25521.r104184, Enny Cruz, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, England, 01 Nov 2024, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/9-254\/v2#referee-response-104184","order":1,"name":"referee-response-104184","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work was supported by Wellcome [209560]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}