{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:12:34Z","timestamp":1772169154686,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.22923.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000}}],"reference-count":46,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["228072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["228072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["226691\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226691\/Z\/22\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018336","name":"National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIHR200876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR200876"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wellcomeopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wellcome Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Background The majority of countries (88%) have an Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) National Action Plan (NAP V.1.0), but many remain unimplemented, and lack funding for interventions. Intervention selection requires a systematic approach to explain and predict progress. Looking beyond AMR is important to ensure the capture of systemic factors at the country level, which can impede or accelerate success. Aim To provide innovative policy analysis to allow country comparison and refine targeted action, while developing and implementing NAPs (V.2.0). Methods Mixed-method multi-country case study of policies and implementation strategies to address AMR across One Health. Starting with 17 countries, the sample includes each WHO region and emerging economies. This investigation of structures, processes, and outcomes has three components: a. Textual analysis of peer-reviewed literature, policy documents, global, national and state level progress reports, validated by global and in-country experts. An all-language article search conducted for 2000-2024, using broad search terms: \u2018Antimicrobial resistance policies\u2019, \u2018national action plan\u2019, \u2018surveillance\u2019, \u2018AMR systems\u2019 supplemented by hand searches. Deductive analysis using multi-disciplinary frameworks including the Expert Consensus for Implementation Research (ERIC). b. Longitudinal quantitative analysis assessing country contextual determinants and Antimicrobial Use (AMU) and AMR outcomes. Data from global health indicator repositories and international and national AMU and AMR surveillance networks are analysed using econometrics and machine learning approaches. c. Interactive Tableau dashboard development to display insights from a &amp; b to allow visualisation and comparison of case-country AMR intervention context and components. Discussion This protocol provides a systematic, transparent approach for countries to benchmark their own AMR strategies. The interactive dashboard will allow comparisons between country clusters by geography or economy, and enable rapid knowledge mobilisation among strategic and operational stakeholders including policy makers and planners. This protocol facilitates others to perform this structured assessment and nominate their country for the next wave of analysis.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.22923.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T10:00:05Z","timestamp":1753869605000},"page":"700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systems Policy Analysis for Antimicrobial Resistance Targeted Action (SPAARTA): A Research 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Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/9-700\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/9-700\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/9-700\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T05:10:08Z","timestamp":1754543408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/9-700\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"references-count":46,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.22923.2","relation":{"has-version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.22923.1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.27049.r127912","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.27049.r127912","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2398-502X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-502X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/9-700\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.25240.r120264, Olga Perovic, Centre for HAI, AMR and mycosis, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 26 Mar 2025, version 1, 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/9-700\/v1#referee-response-120264","order":0,"name":"referee-response-120264","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.27049.r127912, Anand Balachandran, Zlatina Dobreva, World Health Organisation, Geneva, 07 Aug 2025, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/9-700\/v2#referee-response-127912","order":1,"name":"referee-response-127912","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work was supported by Wellcome [228072].\r\nAH     is funded by the Wellcome Trust CAMO-Net programme (Grant Ref: 226691\/Z\/22\/Z). For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.\r\nRAh & NZ are affiliated with the Wellcome Trust-funded programme CAMO-Net (Grant Ref: 226691\/Z\/22\/Z).\r\nRAh is affiliated with the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London in partnership with the UK Health Security Agency (previously PHE) in collaboration with, Imperial Healthcare Partners, University of Cambridge and University of Warwick (Grant Ref: NIHR200876). \r\nNZ is partially funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London in partnership with the UK Health Security Agency (previously PHE) in collaboration with, Imperial Healthcare Partners, University of Cambridge and University of Warwick (Grant Ref: NIHR200876). \r\nThe views expressed in this publication are those of the author and not necessarily those of the NHS, the National Institute for Health Research, the Department of Health and Social Care or the UK Health Security Agency (Grant Ref: NIHR200876). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}