{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:11:48Z","timestamp":1772169108483,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.23338.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000}},{"DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.23338.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000}}],"reference-count":67,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["223601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["223601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wellcomeopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wellcome Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Background Children born to blood relations (consanguineous parents), primarily cousins, have higher mortality and morbidity than children born to non-consanguineous parents. Consanguinity is low in the UK but high in some communities, including the Pakistani heritage community in Bradford. There has been a marked decrease in consanguinity in the last decade and that is likely to result in reductions in excess mortality and morbidity. Methods Drawing on patterns of child health reported by the Born in Bradford study, augmented with a summary of the literature on motivations for choosing consanguineous unions and on the shifting characteristics of those who make this choice, questions about marriage choice and knowledge of allied health risk were devised. They were explored in four focus groups with self-identified members of the Pakistani heritage community. Groups were divided by age and gender. Discussions were analysed using Thematic Analysis. Results There was agreement that rates of consanguinity were declining. Older group members were concerned this might indicate a shift from tradition and damage community cohesion. Younger participants were positive about the benefits of individual choice. They felt this could be achieved without damaging community strengths. Reasons for the fall in numbers were attributed to changes within the community, including higher numbers of people staying in education beyond school. External factors, including new immigration rules, were also considered. There was not a consensus about health risks, some older respondents were sceptical of links between marriage choice and child health and concerned about how health risks were communicated. All were concerned that marriage choice should not be used to demonise this community. Conclusion A commitment to sustaining community cohesion is shared by all groups. Younger people think this can be achieved despite falls in consanguinity. There are continuing challenges in communicating health risk.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.23338.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T06:15:07Z","timestamp":1749449707000},"page":"690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Changing patterns in marriage choice and related health risk in the Pakistani heritage community in Bradford UK: a qualitative study."],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4426-3596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Small","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6709-4864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rifat","family":"Razaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zuneera","family":"Khurshid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7424-4011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahid","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1228010","article-title":"Perception of consanguineous marriage among the Qatari population.","volume":"11","author":"Y Abdu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113-28","DOI":"10.1017\/s0021932014000558","article-title":"Consanguinity and inbreeding coefficient in tribal pashtuns inhabiting the turbulent and war-affected territory of Bajaur agency, North-West Pakistan.","volume":"48","author":"B Ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci."},{"key":"ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137275165","article-title":"British muslim politics: examining Pakistani Biraderi networks","author":"P Akhtar","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187-207","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-18428-9_12","article-title":"Ethical issues in genetics (premarital counselling, genetic testing, genetic engineering, cloning and stem cell therapy, DNA fingerprinting)","author":"M Al-Bar","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277-312","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2014.30.9","article-title":"Modelling the constraints on consanguineous marriage when fertility declines.","volume":"30","author":"B Barakat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Demogr Res."},{"key":"ref-54","article-title":"Marriage market in Pakistan consanguinity, educational assortative mating, and fertility","author":"S Bashir","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303-332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.2006.00256.x","article-title":"Immigrant youth: acculturation, identity, and adaptation.","volume":"55","author":"J Berry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Psychol."},{"key":"ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305556","article-title":"Cultural hierarchies in health: does inherited sociocultural position (biraderi) shape diet and nutrition among British Pakistani children? 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The National Lottery Community Fund provided funding for Born in Bradford\u2019s Better Start through the Better Start Bradford programme.\r\nThe Improvement Academy in part of Bradford Institute for Health Research and is the implementation arm for the National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaborative.\r\nThe funders had no role in study design, data collection and analyses, decision to publish, or preparation of this manuscript. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}