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These disorders in young people can have wide-reaching negative impacts on health and other domains throughout the life course. Therefore, studies of CMDs in young people are essential to understand their prevalence, risk factors, and prognosis. In addition to diagnoses, studies of the individual symptom dimensions of depression and anxiety are required to understand the complex and heterogeneous presentation of CMDs. Questionnaires frequently used to assess depression and anxiety in large-scale population-based studies, though useful, are often unable to provide validated categorical diagnoses. The Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R) is an internationally recognised, standardised semi-structured interview tool for assessing CMD symptoms in large community-based samples. There are studies supporting its validity in a range of contexts. It provides information on individual symptoms, symptom dimensions, and ICD-10 diagnoses for depression and presence of a range of other CMDs. This Data Note describes CIS-R data collected from a prospective birth cohort in Southwest England, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), at age 24\u00a0years. We summarise the available data and present them in hierarchical order from International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 diagnosis, symptom dimension scores, individual symptom scores, and symptom directionality. We also present the descriptive characteristics of the data. For example, we report the prevalence of ICD-10 depression (11%) and anxiety disorders (10%) and report five symptom domain scores (somatic, psychological, atypical, anxiety, and depressive cognitions) in addition to many individual symptoms. The aim of this Data Note is to enhance the visibility of available data at age 24 in ALSPAC, document data generation and coding processes, and provide information about the derived variables for use by the wider scientific community.<\/ns5:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.23933.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T11:24:07Z","timestamp":1777029847000},"page":"680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessment of common mental disorders in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort at age 24 years using the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R)"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0939-8238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie J","family":"Fairweather","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol England MRC Integrative 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Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/10-680\/v2\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/10-680\/v2\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/10-680\/v2\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T08:59:10Z","timestamp":1784537950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/10-680\/v2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"references-count":62,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.23933.2","relation":{"has-version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.23933.1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.29180.r156810","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.29180.r156810","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2398-502X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-502X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/10-680\/v2#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.26403.r143936, Stephanie Ameis, University of Toronto Department of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, 29 Jan 2026, version 1, 2 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/10-680\/v1#referee-response-143936","order":0,"name":"referee-response-143936","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Sophie Fairweather<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 14 Apr 2026<\/i>; \n<b># COMMENT 1.<\/b> I did not quite understand the rationale for excluding certain domains in the age 24 wave? For instance, why was the decision made to exclude obsessions and compulsions and PTSD, given these domains are still technically characterized as a common disorder, and especially if these domains were already included in the 18 yo data timepoint? Thank for your comment. The CIS-R data collected from the ALSPAC age 24 clinic (between 2015-2017) omitted questions related to obsessions&nbsp;and compulsions. There is no section for PTSD.&nbsp;A shorter version of CIS-R (dropping sections on OCD) was used to minimise the time required for face to face clinic assessment. During the clinic ALSPAC participants complete a variety of assessments and bio sampling, across several physical, psychiatric, social, educational and other domains. Pressure on time is high, and the cohort administrators make every effort to reduce the testing time where possible.  \n<b># COMMENT 2. <\/b>While it may go beyond the scope of this paper, it would be very useful to report whether the 24 yr data is similar to that acquired at 18 yrs.&nbsp; That is, do frequencies and distributions appear similar? If there was further data loss such that the 24 yr timepoint differs in demographic characteristics, it would be helpful to understand whether the same patterns that are seen at 24 yrs are seen in the 18 yr data.&nbsp; Thank you for your comment. We have expanded tables 2 and 7 to add frequencies and distributions for depression and anxiety diagnoses at age 18. We have added table 6b. We have added the following text to the materials and methods \u201cAlthough the aim of this data note is to describe data available at age 24, we have included the overall prevalence of depression and anxiety, and the prevalence split by sex, from the age 18 ALSPAC clinic in Tables 2, 6b and 7 so that readers are able to compare\u201d.  \n<b># COMMENT 3.<\/b> Can initial data be presented indicating the stability of mental health diagnoses\/symptom characteristics over time\/ bw the 18 and 24 year timepoints? I think providing some information about stability over time analyzed internally by the ALSPAC group would provide important information to the community and would increase the impact of the paper, as well as increase interest in secondary use of the data. Thank you for your comment. The aim of this data note is to describe the CIS-R data collected from ALSPAC participants at aged 24 years. As the aim is purely descriptive, analyses of stability\/change over time are out of scope. However, we agree these analyses would be valuable. In fact, our research group is investigating as part of a separate ongoing project.","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/10-680\/v2#referee-comment-6511","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-6511","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.26403.r147434, Cristiane Duarte, Tenneill Murran, Columbia University, New York, New York, 06 Mar 2026, version 1, 2 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/10-680\/v1#referee-response-147434","order":2,"name":"referee-response-147434","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Sophie Fairweather<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 14 Apr 2026<\/i>; \n<b># COMMENT 1:<\/b> The Abstract and the text refer to the CIS-R being \u2018validated\u2019. Technically, no instrument is ever \u2018validated\u2019, but some have substantial information supporting its validity in relation to a specific gold standard and in a specific (or across several) context(s). &nbsp; We have updated text in the abstract and introduction. The text now reads as follows: \n<i>\u201cThe Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R) is an internationally recognised, standardised semi-structured interview tool for assessing CMD symptoms in large community-based samples. There are studies supporting its validity in a range of contexts.\u201d <\/i> We have added an additional supporting reference (Das-Munshi et al 2014). The authors assessed the factorial validity of the CIS-R across ethnic minority groups, using data from a nationally representative survey conducted in England in 2000. Respondents comprised people from the five main ethnic minority groups living in Britain (Irish, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Black Caribbean), as well as a White British group, aged 16 to 74). &nbsp;  &nbsp;\n<b> # COMMENT 2:<\/b> More information supporting its choice of the CIS-R for the ALSPAC study would be important. In the introduction, the paper utilized to support the \u2018validity\u2019 of the CIS-R (Lewis et al, 2001) is, in reality, a paper describing a reliability study of the use of the CIS-R by lay and clinically trained interviewers.&nbsp; Additional information about CIS-R psychometric properties is provided in the Methods section, when describing the CIS-R, however, the only study supporting good sensitivity and specificity of the measure is in an older sample. Information supporting the validity in other age groups would be helpful, or if non-existent, that should be noted. &nbsp; The CIS-R was developed in the early 1990s and has been widely used since. The CIS-R is an advancement upon existing questionnaires by creating a semi-structured interview that mimics real-world clinical assessment by asking detailed, qualifying questions. This improves its validity against clinical diagnoses vs other diagnostic and screening questionnaires. The use of CIS-R in ALSPAC is well supported by its use in epidemiological studies e.g., in the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey conducted by the UK Office for National Statistics (ONS) which includes adults aged 16 and over living in England. The ONS is the&nbsp;UK's largest independent producer of official&nbsp;statistics&nbsp;and the recognised&nbsp;national&nbsp;statistical institute of the&nbsp;UK. We also direct the reviewer to the following section in the methods: \n<i>\u201cThe CIS-R has been used to measure the prevalence of treated and untreated psychiatric disorders in the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS), a large-scale population study conducted every seven years in England and Wales<sup>50<\/sup>, and in many randomised controlled trials (RCTs)<sup>47<\/sup>. It has been used successfully in different global populations<sup>51,52 <\/sup>and in older populations, with a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 98% for detecting depressive episodes in people over the age of 60<sup>53<\/sup>.\u201d<\/i> We have amended the wording referring to validity in the introduction and added an additional reference (please see response to comment one above).  \n<b>&nbsp;# COMMENT 3:<\/b> The Introduction should also include the rationale and references supporting the choice of symptom dimension and the specific granular constructs evaluated (e.g. fatigue, concentration, forgetfulness, and hopelessness). Depression and anxiety are phenotypically heterogeneous. The sections of the CIS were originally chosen because they are common symptoms seen in community settings and most were elements of diagnostic criteria. The shortened version here include all the sections required to make diagnoses of depression and anxiety. The chosen symptom domains refer to depression and anxiety symptoms, and symptom dimensions, that are well established in the literature, including ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for depression. These symptoms comprise sections of the original CIS-R questionnaire. We have modified the text under the heading \u201cThe Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R)\u201d, as follows, adding the text in bold: \u201c\u2026 The Revised CIS (CIS-R) was later developed to improve and further standardise assessment when measuring CMDs using the CIS and to increase suitability for administration by non-clinical interviewers in community, occupational, and primary care research. The CIS-R captures presence and severity of core CMD symptoms listed by ICD-10 clinical research criteria (ref: The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. 1993. World Health Organization. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/37108) . It has been shown to be highly specific when detecting CMDs in the population compared to electronic primary care data and can be used to assign ICD-10 diagnostic categories as well as measure individual symptoms.\u201d &nbsp;  \n<b># COMMENT 4<\/b>: It would be helpful to clarify what \u2018face-to-face assessment clinics\u2019 mean. &nbsp; We have amended the wording to read \u201cas part of wider, in-person ALSPAC assessment clinics\u201d. ALSPAC does face to face assessments which are called clinics and postal\/online surveys. The data reported here arise from in person\/face-to-face \u201cclinic\u201d assessment (as opposed to postal surveys). &nbsp;  \n<b># COMMENT 5:<\/b> The Data Note states, \u2018The CIS-R also includes \u2018a preliminary section on physical health symptoms that is not described here\u2019. It is unclear if the answers to this section have any implication to which of the 14 modules are asked or skipped. If no implications, we suggest this is clearly stated. &nbsp; CIS-R is a modular assessment containing different sections. Inclusion or omission of one section (say physical health symptoms or PTSD) does not affect the assessment of other domains (e.g., depression). We have now stated that the answers to this section do not determine whether the rest of the interview sections are completed and do not influence the scores or diagnoses. &nbsp;  \n<b>&nbsp;# COMMENT 6<\/b>: Table 1 and Figure 2 are both very helpful visual displays how the study data was categorized. &nbsp; Thank you. No change needed. &nbsp;  \n<b># COMMENT 7:<\/b> It is unclear to us why the authors chose to refer to the four types of analysis conducted as \u2018Levels\u2019. The word \u2018level\u2019 implies a \u2018scaled\u2019 relationship between the variables created. &nbsp; The levels refer to hierarchical clustering of symptoms, going from syndrome (diagnosis) to subsyndromal constructs (symptom dimension scores, individual symptom scores). These are clinically meaningful, and well understood by mental health research community.&nbsp; &nbsp;  \n<b># COMMENT 8:<\/b> Our main concern, however, is the meaning of some of the continuous scores proposed (Levels 2, 3 and total symptom score) given the \u2018gated\u2019 nature of the ALSPAC CIS-R. This means that one is assuming that a \u2018no\u2019 to a gate question would be the same as a \u2018no\u2019 to all subsequent questions related to that same domain, if the answer to the gate question was \u2018yes\u2019, and all questions had been asked. This is a valid and widely used approach for diagnostic interviews; however, generating scaled scores out of information obtained using the \u2018gated\u2019 strategy is a questionable practice. We consider, therefore, that what is being labeled as Levels 2 -4 and the total scores (reported in Tables 3-5 and Figure 4) are reflecting questionable information. We are concerned that the inclusion of these variables in a publicly available resource will disseminate disinformation. To exemplify our point: the interpretation of the last row in Table 3 as indicative that &nbsp;4% of the sample would have a 1 score for depressive ideas is likely incorrect, as if all among the&nbsp; 2,918 score zero participants who did not get asked all the questions had been asked all question, there would like be many more indicating having at least one symptom. In this case, the percentages would be, as expected, with higher percentages for the lowest scores and lower percentages for the highest scores (the current percentages for scores 1 through 5 are 4%, 6%, 8%, 5%, and 2%, respectively). If researchers are seeking a valid continuous measure of some of the dimensions covered in the Data Report, they should be encouraged to use, for example, the MFQ. Finally, the authors included as one of the aims of the paper to encourage the standardization of the use of CIS-R variables. \u201cHistorically, ALSPAC data users have combined CIS-R items in different ways for bespoke use; an additional aim of this data note is to encourage the standardization and consistency of data use.\u201d To realize this aim, it would be helpful to describe situations that would be most appropriate for the use of specific variables. &nbsp; Thank you for your comment. As the CIS-R is designed as a clinical interview, the use of gating ensures that symptoms are at a clinically relevant level. With the exception of symptoms of depressive ideas, follow up questions relate directly to a gated question, e.g., if a participant responds \u201cno\u201d to not having concentration or memory problems in the past month, it is not possible for them to have had symptoms in the past 2 weeks. However, as referred to by the reviewer, we do agree that the follow up questions relating to depressive ideas do not clearly align to the gated question outside the context of clinical diagnosis. Items under the depressive ideas domain (e.g., hopelessness, low self-esteem, self-blame) follow a gated question as to whether the individual had had a \u201cspell of feeling sad, miserable or depressed in the past week\u201d or \u201chad less or no enjoyment in last week\u201d. This is because the interview is designed to capture depressive ideas in the context of depressed mood, but we agree that these symptoms are probably more prevalent in the population outside of depressed mood. We have expanded the text relating to the depressive ideas dimension under the considerations for use section; we\u2019ve added the following text: \u201c\u2026.Additionally, it is important for readers to note that each item that under the depressive ideas symptom domain (e.g., hopelessness, low self-esteem, self-blame) followed a gated question asking whether the individual had had a \u201cspell of feeling sad, miserable or depressed in the past week\u201d or \u201chad less or no enjoyment in last week\u201d. It is possible that these individual symptom scores underestimate the true population prevalence as, for example, someone may have low self-esteem or feelings of self-blame without feeling sad, miserable, depressed or anhedonia. These items should be considered as symptoms in the context of low mood or anhedonia. Continuous measures outside of this may be captured by other measures including the SMFQ.\u201d We have also added a note to supplementary table 3 to make it clear which gating questions (under \u201cDepression (low mood and anhedonia)\u201d section) gate for the depressive ideas items.","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/10-680\/v2#referee-comment-6512","order":3,"name":"referee-comment-6512","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/wellcomeopenres.29180.r156810, Madhavaram Thomas Kishore, National Institute Of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 20 Jul 2026, version 2, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/wellcomeopenresearch.org\/articles\/10-680\/v2#referee-response-156810","order":4,"name":"referee-response-156810","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This work was supported by Wellcome [grant numbers 217065\/Z\/19\/Z, 201486\/Z\/16\/Z and 201486\/B\/16\/Z]; the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) [grant number MC_UU_00032\/6]; the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Bristol Biomedical Research Centre [grant numbers NIHR 203315 and NIHR 203315]; and the Medical Research Council UK [grant numbers MR\/W014416\/1, MR\/S037675\/1, MR\/Z50354X\/1, MR\/Z503745\/1, and MR\/L022206\/1]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":5,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}