{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T07:08:55Z","timestamp":1784704135278,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.26196.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000}}],"reference-count":36,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health Data Research UK-The Alan Turing Institute Wellcome PhD Programme in Health Data Science","award":["218529\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["218529\/Z\/19\/Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["wellcomeopenresearch.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Wellcome Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns5:p>Paediatric patients of snakebite envenoming are vulnerable to severe complications due smaller body size and dependence on adults for timely medical attention. However, there is limited literature on risk factors for mortality in pediatric populations, particularly within rural Nigerian settings, where snakebite envenoming is prevalent. A retrospective study was conducted using medical records at the Snakebite Treatment and Research Hospital (SBTRH) in Northeastern Nigeria, including paediatric patients aged 0 through 17 years who presented with a snakebite from January through December 2024. We estimated cumulative survival probability over time using Kaplan-Meier curves and identified predictors of mortality using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. SBTRH managed 2,192 snakebite patients in 2024, out of which 723 paediatric patients were included in analyses; 702 of these patients were discharged alive, while 21 died in hospital. Those who took four hours or more to arrive at the hospital after being bitten were more likely to die in hospital compared to those who arrived in less than four hours (hazard ratio (HR) = 5.87, 95% CI = 1.15-29.95). Further, those who were not given antivenom (Echitab) were more likely to die in hospital than those who were given antivenom (HR = 10.07, 95% CI = 3.89-26.07). Aligning with other studies on poor outcomes following snakebite, this study identifies delayed hospital presentation and lack of antivenom administration among key predictors of in-hospital mortality among paediatric snakebite patients in Northeastern Nigeria. These findings reiterate a need for strengthening antivenom supply chains and implementing targeted educational campaigns.<\/ns5:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.26196.2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T10:04:07Z","timestamp":1783332247000},"page":"244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predictors of In-Hospital Mortality Among Paediatric Snakebite Patients in Northeastern Nigeria: A Survival Analysis Study"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3712-2442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aashna","family":"Uppal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Global Health Network, Nuffield Department of Medicine Oxford England OX27SG University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2105-3062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Amani Hamman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaltungo Gombe Snakebite Treatment and Research Hospital"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Public Health Gombe Gombe Gombe State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4964-6623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuhu","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaltungo Gombe Snakebite Treatment and Research Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8205-1495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail","family":"Micah Umar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaltungo Gombe Snakebite Treatment and Research Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surya","family":"M","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chennai Tamil Nadu Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1666-7489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Nyarko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science Accra Greater Accra Region University of Ghana College of Basic and Applied Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suraj","family":"Abdulkarim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Public Health Gombe Gombe Gombe State University"},{"name":"Gombe Gombe Gombe State Ministry of Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2273-5975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trudie","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Global Health Network, Nuffield Department of Medicine Oxford England OX27SG University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Abubakar Difa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Public Health Gombe Gombe Gombe State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.901414","article-title":"Seasonal variation, treatment outcome, and its associated factors among the snakebite patients in Somali region, Ethiopia.","volume":"10","author":"A Abdullahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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No other author received funding for this work. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}