{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T07:09:10Z","timestamp":1778310550658,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"Horizon Europe Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA23141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA23141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"Horizon Europe Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA23147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA23147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["open-research-europe.ec.europa.eu"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Open Res Europe"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>Background The C\u00f4a Valley Archaeological Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site and the world's most extensive example of open-air Paleolithic art, holds crucial data on its over 1,200 engraved rocks in the University of Minho's proprietary 2ArchIS database. This article addresses the need to transition this restricted information into an openly accessible format to benefit the broader scientific community. Methods The work involved transforming the 2ArchIS data into Linked Open Data (LOD). This process began with analyzing the existing data model and content. Subsequently, a series of standards-based artifacts were developed: a Dublin Core Tabular Application Profile (DCTAP), an RDF Schema (RDFS) vocabulary, a Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) controlled vocabulary, and a Shape Expressions (ShEx) schema for data validation. The data exported from 2ArchIS was transformed into RDF using OpenRefine, validated against the ShEx schema, and finally hosted on a triplestore. Results The project successfully generated a complete LOD dataset of the Vale do C\u00f4a engravings that is openly available. All resulting developmental artifacts, the DCTAP, RDFS and SKOS vocabularies, and the ShEx schema, are openly available for the scientific community's use and reuse. Conclusions This initiative has significantly broadened access to vital Paleolithic art data by publishing it as Linked Open Data, thereby enhancing its research potential. Future efforts will include creating a user-friendly interface to help non-technical users query the triplestore.<\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/openreseurope.21901.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T03:39:09Z","timestamp":1772509149000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/openreseurope.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vale do C\u00f4a rock art as linked open data: Application profile, schemas, and data"],"prefix":"10.12688","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3525-0619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Baptista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Systems Department \/ ALGORITMI Research Center Guimar\u00e3es 4804 - 533 University of Minho"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Systems Department \/ ALGORITMI Research Center Guimar\u00e3es 4804 - 533 University of Minho"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Galv\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Systems Department \/ ALGORITMI Research Center Guimar\u00e3es 4804 - 533 University of Minho"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1080-4785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Botica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Archaeology Unit Braga 4710-229 University of Minho"}]}],"member":"2560","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S60-S67","DOI":"10.1080\/00934690.2018.1511960","article-title":"Reflections on Collaborative Archaeology and Large-Scale Online Research Infrastructures.","volume":"43","author":"H Wright","year":"Oct. 2018","journal-title":"J. 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For clarity, we have addressed your requests by organizing them into the following nine points. 1 \u2013 Glossary A glossary was added before the Introduction with the following terms:  Classes and properties vocabulary  Linked Data  Linked Open Data  Metadata Application Profile  Resource Description Framework (RDF)  RDF Graph  RDF Schema (RDFS)  Shape Expressions (ShEx)  Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS)  SPARQL  Triplestore  Values vocabulary   2 \u2013 Alleviate the acronyms. While there are some acronyms that can be not used (e.g., CH for cultural heritage), others are better recognized as acronyms than by the expanded version (e.g., SKOS, RDF, FAIR, or CARE). We, therefore, alleviated the following acronyms: CH \u2013 Cultural Heritage RDB \u2013 Relational Database UAUM \u2013 Archaeology Unit of the University of Minho LOV \u2013 Linked Open Vocabularies EDM \u2013 Europeana Data Model DWBP \u2013 Data on the Web Best Practices And other acronyms that were expanded once and never again used. 3 \u2013 Explain better why this work is being performed. With the glossary and the need to explain better some parts of the work, we reformulated the whole Introduction. The following paragraphs are part of this reformulation: \u201cAll the data gathered by the RARAA project is stored in a relational database called 2ArchIS. Although the relational database is beneficial and widely used by the RARAA project and the Archaeology Unit of the University of Minho team, the researchers would like to be able to relate their data to those of other research teams and, conversely, to be able to share their data with other researchers or interested citizens for use and reuse. In other words, the RARAA team wanted its data to be open and semantically interoperable, that is, to be Linked Open Data (LOD). This need aligns with broader developments in the digital transformation of cultural heritage. In recent years, global initiatives promoting open, structured, and reusable data have significantly influenced the digital transformation of cultural heritage. The digital transformation of cultural collections has strengthened preservation practices and opened new opportunities for research, education, and public engagement. \n<sup>3<\/sup>\n<sup>, <\/sup>\n<sup>4<\/sup>\n<sup> <\/sup>This paradigm shift has been accompanied by international initiatives that promote open, structured data, ensuring that heritage knowledge remains accessible and reusable sustainably. Movements such as Open GLAM and Collections as Data advocate for the responsible sharing and ethical reuse of cultural data. This approach is exemplified by the principles articulated in documents such as the Vancouver Statement on Collections as Data. \n<sup>5<\/sup>\n<sup> <\/sup>These initiatives align closely with the FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable), \n<sup>6<\/sup>\n<sup> <\/sup>which enhance machine-actionable data discovery and usage while supporting human reuse, and with the CARE principles (Collective Benefit, Authority to Control, Responsibility, Ethics), which provide a foundational approach to Indigenous Data Governance. \n<sup>7<\/sup>\n<sup> <\/sup> In this context, the main goal of this work was therefore to transform data in a relational database into LOD and make it available for use and reuse, adhering to principles and practices that promote structured, reusable, and interconnected data, including the FAIR principles and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Data on the Web Best Practices \n<sup>1<\/sup>\n<sup>5<\/sup>\n<sup>,1<\/sup>\n<sup>6<\/sup>. The expected outcome is to enable integration of RARAA\u2019s data with datasets from other research teams and to support broader reuse by the academic community and the general public. By enabling such integration and comparison, we aim to generate new insights into Iron Age rock art that would not be possible when data remains confined to isolated systems, often called data silos. To achieve this, we designed an application profile and related artifacts and then used them to expose 2ArchIS data as LOD.\u201c In another part of the text, we clarified again why it is important, in our view, to have the data open as Linked Data: \u201cIn addition, it presents in detail the process that led to making this data openly available from an existing relational system, with the goal of supporting reuse, extension, and interlinking by the wider community.\u201d 4 \u2013 Disparity between the 1200 engraved rocks and the number of motifs in the 2ArchIS database and&nbsp; the triplestore. Another part of the reformulation: \u201cWithin this broader archaeological context, the Open Access Rock Art Repository project (RARAA - Reposit&oacute;rio de Arte Rupestre de Acesso Aberto), funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), explored the C&ocirc;a Valley in search of Iron Age rock art, aiming to increase knowledge of the art and the communities that created it. Of the approximately 1200 engraved rocks currently known in the park, a significant proportion date from the Iron Age, the second most represented chronological period in the C&ocirc;a Valley. Within this subset of Iron Age rock art, the project focused on documenting the engravings from three specific areas: Vermelhosa, Vale de Jos&eacute; Esteves, and Meijap&atilde;o\n<sup> <\/sup>. Consequently, the data presented in this work correspond to a small subset of the extensive rock art record of the park.\u201d&nbsp; 5 \u2013 Section Linked Data Development \u2013 Clarify: \u201cSome of the projects\u201d (\u2026) \u201cothers\u201d (\u2026) \u201cMany projects\u201d. \u2013 We replaced that introductory paragraph with the following: \u201cThe transition from legacy cultural heritage data to the Semantic Web has been addressed through various methodological lenses. While some approaches prioritize the preservation of metadata richness through multi-step ingestion processes, others focus on the scalability of database migrations or the agility of ontology design. The following projects illustrate the diversity of frameworks developed to bridge the gap between heterogeneous data sources and ontological structures.\u201c 6 - Section \u201cThe 2ArchIS Relational Database\u201d \u2013&nbsp;needs, at a minimum,&nbsp;\n<u>citations of supporting literature&nbsp;<\/u>on the aspects of society and environment that rock art can inform us about. We added the following text: \u201cIn this context, 2ArchIS\n<sup>69<\/sup> was created by the Archaeology Unit of the University of Minho as an operational information system to support archaeological work from field recording to post-fieldwork analysis and reporting. Its primary intent is to ensure consistent data capture in the field and in the office, to centralize and normalize records produced by different team members, and to maintain long-term institutional memory of projects. Beyond data entry, the system supports day-to-day research workflows by enabling browsing and filtering of records, production of inventories and summary tables for reports, and systematic association of archaeological entities with documentation (bibliography, photographs, drawings, cartography, and 3D models). In the specific case of rock art, such structured recording is particularly relevant given that these datasets constitute a primary source for interpreting past social practices, symbolic systems, and the construction of cultural landscapes, as well as human\u2013environment interactions reflected in the representation and spatial distribution of motifs \n<sup>71,72<\/sup>. For the RARAA project, 2ArchIS [8] has served as the authoritative source for recording and relating archaeological sites, rocky outcrops, motifs, represented parts, scenes, and associated documentation, supporting both ongoing research and project outputs. For dissemination and preservation purposes, exported records have also been deposited in an open repository with persistent identifiers, while 2ArchIS remained the primary environment for data creation and curation.\u201c With references (69,71,72): (69) Botica N, Magalh&atilde;es F, Machado D, Fontes L. Del sistema de informaci&oacute;n 2ArchIS al DataReposit&oacute;riUM: el estudio de caso de hallazgos arqueol&oacute;gicos. Cuad Arqueol Univ Navar. 2021 Apr 14;29:381\u201396. doi:10.15581\/012.29.005 (71) Bettencourt AMS, Santos-Estevez M, Sampaio HA, Cardoso D. Prehistoric Rock Art and Landscape: the outcrops and its forms were certainly not simple carving surfaces. In: Ribeiro C, Martins RN, editors. I International Seminar on Art and Landscape [Internet]. Guimar&atilde;es, Portugal: Laborat&oacute;rio da Paisagem; 2017. p. 137\u201353. Available from: http:\/\/www.labpaisagem.pt (72) Cruz Berrocal M, Vicent Garc&iacute;a J. Rock art as an archaeological and social indicator: The neolithisation of the Iberian Peninsula. J Anthropol Archaeol. 2007 Dec;26(4):676\u201397. doi:10.1016\/j.jaa.2007.02.003 7 \u2013 The triplestore \u2013 6.085 -&gt; 6085 \u2013 Done. 8 -&nbsp;Page 19, second to last paragraph: &quot;humans&quot; seems to be a false friend from &quot;homens&quot; - replace with &quot;users&quot;, &quot;researchers&quot;, or &quot;people&quot;. We used the term \u201cinterface for humans\u201d as opposition of the SPARQL endpoint, which is an interface for machines (and specialized humans). The term \u201chuman\u201d in this context is often used, for instance, in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). 9 \u2013 \u201cAre all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? No\u201c We made available the source data in the data repository as an XML file, exported from the \n<b>2ArchIS<\/b> database at the time of the study. We have also provided the formal citation and the corresponding reference for this file. The reference is: Botica N. 2ArchIS XML Data Export (RARAA Project) [Internet]. Reposit&oacute;rio de Dados da Universidade do Minho; 2026 [cited 2026 Apr 15]. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34622\/datarepositorium\/KZEINV doi:10.34622\/DATAREPOSITORIUM\/KZEINV","URL":"https:\/\/open-research-europe.ec.europa.eu\/articles\/6-63\/v1#referee-comment-5250","order":1,"name":"referee-comment-5250","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.21956\/openreseurope.23694.r70889, Rich Potter, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 26 Mar 2026, version 1, 2 approved with reservations","URL":"https:\/\/open-research-europe.ec.europa.eu\/articles\/6-63\/v1#referee-response-70889","order":2,"name":"referee-response-70889","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"<b>Ana BAPTISTA<\/b>; \n<i>Posted: 24 Apr 2026<\/i>; We appreciate your valuable input and the thorough review of our work. For clarity, we have addressed your requests by organizing them into the following six points.  1 \u2013 Define better \u201cLinked Data\u201d, triplestore and other concepts for a vaster audience. We improved the definitions of the following terms: Linked Data, Triplestore, Application Profile, RDF, RDFS, SKOS, Values Vocabulary, Properties and Classes vocabulary (sometimes called ontology). All these terms were put into the glossary before the Introduction and their definitions were removed from the body of the text.  2 \u2013 Use less acronyms. While there are some acronyms that can be not used (e.g., CH for cultural heritage), others are better recognized as acronyms than by the expanded version (e.g., SKOS, RDF, FAIR, or CARE). We, therefore, alleviated the following acronyms: CH \u2013 Cultural Heritage RDB \u2013 Relational Database UAUM \u2013 Archaeology Unit of the University of Minho LOV \u2013 Linked Open Vocabularies EDM \u2013 Europeana Data Model DWBP \u2013 Data on the Web Best Practices And other acronyms that were expanded once and never again used.  3 - Expand \u2013 TGN, CIDOC-CRM (or CIDOC CRM?), RARAA and verify all other acronyms. CIDOC CRM does not have a hyphen in the official documentation, so we have amended the sole occurrence in which a hyphen was used. The acronym was already expanded in the text. TGN was also indeed expanded, but the acronym was not related to the expanded version, which we corrected. We also expanded the RARAA acronym and verified all the acronyms.  4 - It might be an idea to include a readme somewhere. How do you anticipate it [the data] will be used? Under the Conclusions and Future Work, we included a subsection with the following text: \u201cReuse and access guide All outputs produced in this work are openly available for access and reuse via dataReposit&oacute;riUM (DOI-identified deposits) and via the project triplestore (SPARQL endpoint). To make reuse easier\u2014especially for users unfamiliar with RDF or SPARQL, we provide a README document (included in the main deposit record) that explains what each artifact contains and how they relate (DCTAP application profile , ShEx validation shapes, RDF instance data; plus the RDFS namespace schema and the SKOS controlled vocabulary). The materials can be reused in at least three ways. First, as a research dataset, users may download the RDF files (RDF\/XML or Turtle) and query them locally, or query the online triplestore via SPARQL, for example to list motifs and their descriptions, retrieve motifs by typology\/chronology\/technique, explore represented parts, or analyze motif participation in scenes. Second, as reusable semantic specifications, other teams may adopt the DCTAP and the SKOS vocabulary to describe compatible rock art resources and validate their RDF against the ShEx schema before publication or integration. Third, as interoperability building blocks, data managers and developers may reuse the RARAA namespace schema (RDFS) and align local terms and identifiers to facilitate interlinking and enrichment with other datasets. The README provides a \u201cstart here\u201d checklist, indicates recommended download formats, and includes a small set of example SPARQL queries and validation instructions to support immediate adoption.\u201d  5 \u2013 Improve Figure 5. Figure 5, originally an automated tool output, has been replaced with a schematic representation. This version incorporates illustrative renderings of specific motifs to enhance interpretative clarity and provide better visual context for the underlying RDF structure.  6 \u2013 Improve Figure 2 (move the labels). Figure 2, originally an automated tool output, has been replaced with a schematic representation.","URL":"https:\/\/open-research-europe.ec.europa.eu\/articles\/6-63\/v1#referee-comment-5251","order":3,"name":"referee-comment-5251","label":"Referee Comment","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This project has received funding from the European Union\u2019s Framework Programme for Research & Innovation as part of the COST Action under grant agreement No [CA23141] as supported by the COST Association (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). [RARAA project, Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) \u201cCOA \/ OVD \/ 0097 \/ 2019- Rock Art Open Access Repository]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":4,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}