{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T13:59:49Z","timestamp":1773842389936,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Medical Association of Nippon Medical School","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Nippon Med Sch"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.jnms.2022_89-119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T22:12:12Z","timestamp":1637878332000},"page":"33-39","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Deaths in Bathtubs in Japan: Forensic and Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.1272","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Yoshimasa","family":"Kanawaku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"21","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"1. Lin CY, Wang YF, Lu TH, Kawach I. Unintentional drowning mortality, by age and body of water: an analysis of 60 countries. Inj Prev. 2015;21 (e1):e43-50. doi: 10.1136\/injuryprev-2013-041110. PubMed PMID: 24944343; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4501178.","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2013-041110"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"2. JIS. Method of calculation of energy-saving performance of bath units for dwellings. annex A2011. p. 10."},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"3. Tochihara Y. Bathing in Japan: A review. J Hum Environ Syst. 1999;3 (1):27-34. doi: doi.org\/10.1618\/jhes.3.27.","DOI":"10.1618\/jhes.3.27"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"4. Suzuki H, Hikiji W, Tanifuji T, Abe N, Fukunaga T. Characteristics of sudden bath-related death investigated by medical examiners in Tokyo, Japan. J Epidemiol. 2015;25 (2):126-32. doi: 10.2188\/jea.JE20140068. PubMed PMID: 25503827; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4310873.","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20140068"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"5. Tanaka N, Miyatake N, Kinoshita H, Fukunaga T. Correlation between death while bathing and meteorological parameters in the 23 wards of Tokyo. Rom J Leg Med. 2015;23 (3):167-70. doi: 10.4323\/rjlm.2015.167. PubMed PMID: WOS:000361272600003.","DOI":"10.4323\/rjlm.2015.167"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"6. Satoh F, Osawa M, Hasegawa I, Seto Y, Tsuboi A.  &quot;Dead in hot bathtub&quot; phenomenon: accidental drowning or natural disease? Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2013;34 (2):164-8. doi: 10.1097\/PAF.0b013e31828d68c7. PubMed PMID: 23629407.","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e31828d68c7"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"7. Mishima S, Suzuki H, Fukunaga T, Nishitani Y. Postmortem computed tomography findings in cases of bath-related death: Applicability and limitation in forensic practice. Forensic Sci Int. 2018;282:195-203. doi: 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.11.030. PubMed PMID: 29223918.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.11.030"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"8. Kanawaku Y, Tanifuji T, Ohno Y. Association between sudden unexpected deaths in bathtubs and ambient temperature among elderly Japanese adults: A time-series regression study. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2019;36:21-7. doi: 10.1016\/j.legalmed.2018.09.021. PubMed PMID: 30312835.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2018.09.021"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"9. Matsui T, Kagamimori S. Yokuso deno furyono dekishi\u30fbdekisui no kijutsu ekigaku [Descriptive epidemiology of accidental drowning in the bathtub]. Journal of health and welfare statistics. 2009;56 (2):16-21. Japanese."},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"10. Suzuki M, Shimbo T, Ikaga T, Hori S. Sudden death phenomenon while bathing in Japan: Mortality data. Circ J. 2017;81 (8):1144-9. doi: 10.1253\/circj.CJ-16-1066. PubMed PMID: 28392545.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-16-1066"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"11. Suzuki M, Ikaga T, Hori S. Relationship between bath-related deaths and low air temperature. Internal Medicine. 2017;56 (23):3173-7. PubMed PMID: 2019053974.","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.9156-17"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"12. Nagahara Y, Hayashi T, Ago K, Ago M, Ogata M. Sudden death in the bath in Kagoshima Prefecture in 2010: relationship between the incidence of the deaths and ambient temperature, air temperature differences within a day and those from the previous day. Med J Kagoshima Univ. 2011;63 (2):23-30. PubMed PMID: 2011332980."},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Tanaka N, Miyatake N, Kinoshita H, Fukunaga T. Correlation between death while bathing and meteorological parameters in the 23 wards of Tokyo. Romanian Society of Legal Medicine. 2015;23:167-70.","DOI":"10.4323\/rjlm.2015.167"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"14. Tahara Y. Association between bathing and sudden death. Circ J. 2017;81 (8):1096-7. doi: 10.1253\/circj.CJ-17-0673. PubMed PMID: 28701630.","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-17-0673"},{"key":"15","unstructured":"15. Funayama M, Yamaguchi Y, Tokudome S, Nakamura T, Matuo Y. Tokyo kansatsuimuin de atsukatta saikin no nyuyokushirei [Death related to bath]. Res Pract Firens Med. 1989;32:301-7. Japanese."},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"16. Inamasu J, Nakatsukasa M, Oshima T, Tomiyasu K, Mayanagi K, Imai A. Clinical characteristics of stroke occurring while bathing. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2017;26 (7):1462-6. doi: 10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.03.013. PubMed PMID: 28341200.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.03.013"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"17. Chiba T, Yamauchi M, Nishida N, Kaneko T, Yoshizaki K, Yoshioka N. Risk factors of sudden death in the Japanese hot bath in the senior population. Forensic Sci Int. 2005;149 (2-3):151-8. doi: 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.04.085. PubMed PMID: 15749356.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.04.085"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"18. Yoshioka N, Chiba T, Yamauchi M, Monma T, Yoshizaki K. Forensic consideration of death in the bathtub. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2003;5 (Suppl 1):S375-81. doi: 10.1016\/s1344-6223(02)00136-0. PubMed PMID: 12935637.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1344-6223(02)00136-0"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Schmidt P, Madea B. Death in the bathtub involving children. Forensic Sci Int. 1995;72 (2):147-55. doi: 10.1016\/0379-0738 (95) 98129-b. PubMed PMID: 7750870.","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(95)98129-B"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"20. Saxena A, Ang LC. Epilepsy and bathtub drowning. Important neuropathological observations. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1993;14 (2):125-9. doi: 10.1097\/00000433-199306000-00004. PubMed PMID: 8328431.","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199306000-00004"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Osamura T, Fushiki S, Yoshioka H, Yamanaka T, Mizuta R. An autopsy case of bathtub drowning in epilepsy. Brain Dev. 1997;19 (7):499-501. doi: 10.1016\/s0387-7604 (97) 00064-8. PubMed PMID: 9408600.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(97)00064-8"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"22. Kemp AM, Mott AM, Sibert JR. Accidents and child abuse in bathtub submersions. Archives of disease in childhood. 1994;70 (5):435-8. doi: 10.1136\/adc.70.5.435. PubMed PMID: 8017969; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCP MC1029836.","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.70.5.435"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"23. Hayashi K, Jin K, Nagamori C, et al. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy in the bathtub. Epilepsy Behav. 2019;96:33-40. doi: 10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.04.009. PubMed PMID: 31077940.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.04.009"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"24. Hata Y, Oku Y, Taneichi H, et al. Two autopsy cases of sudden unexpected death from Dravet syndrome with novel de novo SCN1A variants. Brain Dev. 2020;42 (2):171-8. doi: 10.1016\/j.braindev.2019.10.005. PubMed PMID: 31677916.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2019.10.005"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Diekema DS, Quan L, Holt VL. Epilepsy as a risk factor for submersion injury in children. Pediatrics. 1993;91 (3):612-6. PubMed PMID: 8441568.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.91.3.612"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"26. Cihan E, Hesdorffer DC, Brandsoy M, et al. Dead in the water: Epilepsy-related drowning or sudden unexpected death in epilepsy? Epilepsia. 2018;59 (10):1966-72. doi: 10.1111\/epi.14546. PubMed PMID: 30146719.","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14546"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"27. Suzuki M, Shimbo T, Ikaga T, Hori S. Incidence and characteristics of bath-related accidents. Intern Med. 2019;58 (1):53-62. doi: 10.2169\/internalmedicine.0825-18. PubMed PMID: 30146565; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6367102.","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.0825-18"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Lunetta P, Levo A, M\u00e4nnikk\u00f6 A, Penttil\u00e4 A, Sajantila A. Death in bathtub revisited with molecular genetics: a victim with suicidal traits and a LQTS gene mutation. Forensic Sci Int. 2002;130 (2-3):122-4. doi: 10.1016\/s0379-0738 (02) 00379-1. PubMed PMID: 12477631.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(02)00379-1"},{"key":"29","unstructured":"29. Nagata K, Kiyofuji S, Umekawa M, Yokoyama M, Sora S. Ruihyohinouhou no akusei tenka to shindanshita shounou kyoukakubu henpeijouhigan no 1 rei[Malignant transformation of cerebellopontine angle epidermoid cyst:A case report]. Noushinkei Geka [Neurological Surgery]. 2019;47 (11):1173-8. Japanese. doi: 10.11477\/mf.1436204095. PubMed PMID: 31761779."},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"30. Suzuki H, Hayashi K, Fukunaga T. Two forensic autopsy cases of death from unexpected lesions of the pituitary gland. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2014;16 (1):36-9. doi: 10.1016\/j.legalmed.2013.10.004. PubMed PMID: 24269073.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2013.10.004"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"31. Tester DJ, Medeiros-Domingo A, Will ML, Ackerman MJ. Unexplained drownings and the cardiac channelopathies: a molecular autopsy series. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86 (10):941-7. doi: 10.4065\/mcp.2011.0373. PubMed PMID: 21964171; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3184023.","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2011.0373"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32. Bonte W, Sprung R, Huckenbeck W. Probleme bei der Beurteilung von Stromtodesf\u00e4llen in der Badewanne [Problems in the evaluation of electrocution fatalities in the bathtub]. Z Rechtsmed. 1986;97 (1):7-19. German. doi: 10.1007\/bf00200955. PubMed PMID: 3776358.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00200955"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"33. Pfeiffer H, DuChesne A, Brinkmann B. An unusual case of homicidal near drowning followed by electrocution. Int J Legal Med. 2006;120 (1):36-41. doi: 10.1007\/s00414-005-0049-7. PubMed PMID: 16254729.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-005-0049-7"},{"key":"34","unstructured":"34. Suzuki H, Tanifuji T, Abe N, Shibata M, Hikiji W, Fukunaga T. Epidemiology of Alcohol-related Death while Bathing in a Bathtub. Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai Zasshi. 2015;50 (2):59-65. PubMed PMID: 26255431."},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35. Rubin E. Cardiovascular effects of alcohol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1980;13 (Suppl 1):37-40. PubMed PMID: 7017765.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(80)80006-2"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36. Sengul C, Cevik C, Ozveren O, et al. Acute alcohol consumption is associated with increased interatrial electromechanical delay in healthy men. Cardiol J. 2011;18 (6):682-6. PubMed PMID: 22113757.","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.2011.0033"},{"key":"37","unstructured":"37. Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry. Summary of comprehensive inspection results related to product safety measures - Based on the response to the carbon monoxide poisoning accident caused by the gas instant water heater manufactured by Paloma Industries Co., Ltd. [Internet]. 2006 Aug 28 [cited 2021 Feb 10] Available from: https:\/\/www.meti.go.jp\/policy\/safety_security\/industrial_safety\/sangyo\/citygas\/gasjiko\/houkokusho.pdf"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"38. Sakai K, Saito K, Takada A, Hikiji W, Kikuchi Y, Fukunaga T. Deaths associated with brotizolam poisoning from a single drug overdose: Four reported cases. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2018;39 (1):82-4. doi: 10.1097\/paf.0000000000000358. PubMed PMID: 29095168.","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000358"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"39. Carlsten A, Waern M, Holmgren P, Allebeck P. The role of benzodiazepines in elderly suicides. Scand J Public Health. 2003;31 (3):224-8. doi: 10.1080\/14034940210167966. PubMed PMID: 12850977.","DOI":"10.1080\/14034940210167966"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"40. Levine B, Grieshaber A, Pestaner J, Moore KA, Smialek JE. Distribution of triazolam and alpha-hydroxytriazolam in a fatal intoxication case. J Anal Toxicol. 2002;26 (1):52-4. doi: 10.1093\/jat\/26.1.52. PubMed PMID: 11888017.","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/26.1.52"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41. Winek CL Jr., Wahba WW, Winek CL. Drowning due to cyclobenzaprine and ethanol. Forensic Sci Int. 1999;100 (1-2):105-8. doi: 10.1016\/s0379-0738 (98) 00161-3. PubMed PMID: 10356778.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(98)00161-3"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"42. Suzuki H, Shigeta A, Fukunaga T. Accidental death of elderly persons under the influence of chlorpheniramine. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2013;15 (5):253-5. doi: 10.1016\/j.legalmed.2013.04.002. PubMed PMID: 23747192.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2013.04.002"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"43. P\u00e9lissier-Alicot AL, Gavaudan G, Bartoli C, et al. Planned complex suicide: an unusual case. J Forensic Sci. 2008;53 (4):968-70. doi: 10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00754.x. PubMed PMID: 18503524.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00754.x"},{"key":"44","unstructured":"44. DiMaio VJ, DiMaio D. Death by Drowning. Forensic Pathology: CRC Press; 2001. p. 400-9."},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"45. Schmidt P, Madea B. Homicide in the bathtub. Forensic Sci Int. 1995;72 (2):135-46. doi: 10.1016\/0379-0738 (95) 01695-f. PubMed PMID: 7750869.","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(95)01695-F"},{"key":"46","unstructured":"46. Hasegawa Y. Seimeihokengata shogaihoken niokeru gairaisei nitsuite [Accident Insurance and the Definition of Insurable Events]. Nippon Hoken Igakkai Zasshi [J of the Association of Life Insurance Medicine of Jpn]. 2019;117 (2):150-61. Japanese."}],"container-title":["Journal of Nippon Medical School"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jnms\/89\/1\/89_JNMS.2022_89-119\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T03:52:08Z","timestamp":1647057128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jnms\/89\/1\/89_JNMS.2022_89-119\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1272\/jnms.jnms.2022_89-119","relation":{},"ISSN":["1345-4676","1347-3409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1345-4676","type":"print"},{"value":"1347-3409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"article-number":"JNMS.2022_89-119"}}