{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T08:26:02Z","timestamp":1765268762562},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Engineering and Technology Publishing","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["jcm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A challenge swarm unmanned aerial vehicles (swarm UAVs)-based wireless communication systems have been focused on channel modeling in various environments. In this paper, we present the characterized path loss air-to-air (A2A) channel modeling-based measurement and prediction model. The channel model was considered using A2A Two-Ray (A2AT-R) extended path loss modeling. The prediction model was considered using an artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm to train the measured dataset. To evaluate the measurement result, path loss models between the A2AT-R model and the prediction model are shown. We show that the prediction model using ANN is optimal to train the measured data for the A2A channel model. To discuss the result, the parametric prediction errors such as mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and R-square (R2), are performed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.12720\/jcm.16.6.228-235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T02:41:01Z","timestamp":1621910461000},"page":"228-235","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Measurement of Path Loss Characterization and Prediction Modeling for Swarm UAVs Air-to-Air Wireless Communication Systems"],"prefix":"10.12720","author":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering, Department of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Prince of Chumphon Campus, 17\/1 Chumcoo District, Pathio, Chumphon, Thailand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarun","family":"Duangsuwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4977","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[1] Z. Yuan, J. Jin, L. Sun, K. W. Chin, and G. M. Muntean, \"Ultra-reliable IoT communications with UAVs: A swarm use case,\" IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 56, vol. 12, pp. 90-96, 2018.","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1800161"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[2] F. Schilling, J. Lecoeur, F. Schiano, and D. Floreano, \"Learning vision-based flight in drone swarms by imitation,\" IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 4523-4530, 2019.","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2019.2935377"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[3] L. Shan, R. Miura, T. Kagawa, F. Ono, H. B. Li, and F. Kojima, \"Machine learning-based field data analysis and modeling for drone communications,\" IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 79127-79135, 2019.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2922544"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[4] S. Duangsuwan, C. Teekapakvisit, and M. M. Maw, \"Development of soil moisture monitoring by using IoT and UAV-SC for smart farming application,\" Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal (ASTESJ), vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 381-387, 2020.","DOI":"10.25046\/aj050444"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[5] Z. Xiao, P. Xia, and X. G. Xia, \"Enabling UAV cellular with millimeter-wave communication: Potentials and approaches,\" IEEE Communications Mag., vol. 54, pp. 66-73, May 2016.","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7470937"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[6] S. Duangsuwan, and M. M. Maw, \"Comparison of path loss prediction models for UAV and IoT air-to-ground communication system in rural precision farming environment,\" Journal of Communications, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 60-66, 2021.","DOI":"10.12720\/jcm.16.2.60-66"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"[7] G. Athanasiadou and G. V. Tsoulos, \"Path loss characteristics for UAV-to-ground wireless channels,\" in Proc. 13th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Krakow, Poland, Apr. 2019, pp. 1-4."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[8] W. H. Jeong, H. R. Choi and K. S. Kim, \"Empirical path-loss modeling and a RF detection scheme for various drones,\" Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol. 2018, pp. 1-13, 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6795931"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[9] M. Bacco, A. Berton, A. Gotta and L. Caviglione, \"IEEE 802.15.4 air-ground UAV communications in smart farming scenarios,\" IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 1910-1913, 2018.","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2855211"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[10] J. Tharane, D. Zibar, and H. L. Christiansen, \"Model-aided deep learning methods for path loss prediction in mobile communication systems at 2.6 GHz,\" IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 7925-7936, 2020.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2964103"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[11] R. Amorim, H. Nguyen, P. Mogensen, I. Z. Kov\u00e1cs, J. Wigard, and T. B. S\u00f8rensen, \"Radio channel modeling for UAV communication over cellular networks,\" IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 514-517, 2017.","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2017.2710045"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[12] Y. Shi, R. Enami, J. Wensowitch, and J. Camp, \"Measurement-based characterization of LOS and NLOS drone-to-ground channels,\" in Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conf., Spain, Apr. 2018, pp. 1-6.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2018.8377104"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"[13] D. W. Matolak, and U. C. Fiebig, \"UAV channel model: Review and future research,\" in Proc. European Conf. on Antennas and Propagation, Poland, Apr. 2019, pp. 1-5."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[14] W. Khawaja, I. Guvenc, D. W. Matolok, U. C. Fiedig, and N. Schneckenburger, \"A survey of air-to-ground propagation channel modeling for unmanned aerial vehicles,\" IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 2361-2391, Third Quarter 2019.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2915069"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[15] L. Zhou, Z. Yang, G. Zhao, S. Zhou, and C. X. Wang, \"Propagation characteristics of Air-to-Air channels in urban environments,\" in Proc. IEEE Global Communications Conf., United Arab Emirates, 2018, pp. 1-6.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8647360"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[16] F. Ono, T. Kagawa, H. Tsuji, R. Miura, and F. Kojima, \"Measurements on C-band air-to-air channel for coexistence among multiple unmanned aircraft systems,\" in Proc. International Conf. on Unmanned Aircraft Systems, USA, Jun. 2017, pp. 1160-1164.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICUAS.2017.7991486"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[17] K. Takizawa, F. Ono, M. Suzuki, H. Tsuji, and R. Miura, \"Measurement on S-band radio propagation characteristics for unmanned aircraft systems,\" in Proc. European Conf. on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Netherlands, Apr. 2014, pp. 3068-3072.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCAP.2014.6902475"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[18] Z. Ma, B. Ai, R. He, G. Wang, Y. Niu, and Z. Zhong, \"A wideband non-stationary air-to-air channel model for UAV communications,\" IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Tech., vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 1214-1226, Feb. 2020.","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2961178"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"[19] X. Chen, X. Hu, Q. Zhu, W. Zhong, and B. Chen, \"Channel modeling and performance analysis for UAV relay systems,\" China Communications., vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 89-97, Dec. 2018."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[20] Y. Zhang, J. Wen, G. Yang, Z. He, and X. Luo, \"Air-to-air path loss prediction based on machine learning methods in urban environments,\" Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol. 2018, pp. 1-10, 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8489326"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[21] T. Liu, Z. Zhang, H. Jiang, Y. Qian, K. Liu, J. Dang, and L. Wu, \"Measurement-based characterization and modeling for low-altitude UAV air-to-air channels,\" IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 98832-98840, Jul. 2019.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2929955"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"[22] S. K. Goudos, G. Athanasiadou, G. V. Tsoulos, and V. Rekkas, \"Modeling ray tracing propagation data using different machine learning algorithms,\" in Proc. 14th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), pp. 1 - 4, Copenhagen, Denmark, Mar. 2020.","DOI":"10.23919\/EuCAP48036.2020.9135639"}],"container-title":["Journal of Communications"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jocm.us\/uploadfile\/2021\/0521\/20210521040037391.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T01:06:12Z","timestamp":1637802372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.jocm.us\/show-256-1661-1.html"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":22,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12720\/jcm.16.6.228-235","relation":{},"ISSN":["2374-4367"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2374-4367"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}