{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T11:45:33Z","timestamp":1783338333382,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"The Ewha Medical Journal, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730332800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00208307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00208307"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.e-emj.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ewha Med J"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a heterogeneous bile duct\n                    adenocarcinoma with a rising global incidence and a poor prognosis. This review\n                    aims to present a comprehensive overview of the most recent radiological\n                    research on iCCA, focusing on its histopathologic subclassification and the use\n                    of imaging findings to predict prognosis and inform treatment decisions.\n                    Histologically, iCCA is subclassified into small duct (SD-iCCA) and large duct\n                    (LD-iCCA) types. SD-iCCA typically arises in the peripheral small bile ducts and\n                    is often associated with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. It presents as a\n                    mass-forming lesion with a relatively favorable prognosis. LD-iCCA originates\n                    near the hepatic hilum, is linked to chronic bile duct diseases, and exhibits\n                    more aggressive behavior and poorer outcomes. Imaging is essential for\n                    differentiating these subtypes and assessing prognostic factors like tumor size,\n                    multiplicity, vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, enhancement patterns,\n                    and intratumoral fibrosis. Imaging-based prognostic models have demonstrated\n                    predictive accuracy comparable to traditional pathological staging systems.\n                    Furthermore, imaging findings are instrumental in guiding treatment decisions,\n                    including those regarding surgical planning, lymphadenectomy, neoadjuvant\n                    therapy, and the selection of targeted therapies based on molecular profiling.\n                    Advancements in radiological research have improved our understanding of iCCA\n                    heterogeneity, facilitating prognosis prediction and treatment personalization.\n                    Imaging findings assist in subclassifying iCCA, predicting outcomes, and\n                    informing treatment decisions, thus optimizing patient management. Incorporating\n                    imaging-based approaches into clinical practice is crucial for advancing\n                    personalized medicine in the treatment of iCCA. However, further high-level\n                    evidence from international multicenter prospective studies is required to\n                    validate these findings and increase their clinical applicability.\n            <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.12771\/emj.2024.e66","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T01:08:29Z","timestamp":1728954509000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12771\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Imaging findings of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma for prognosis\n                    prediction and treatment decision-making: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.12771","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9275-3194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun Gu","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7567-0680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taek","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7322-2550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Kyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7759-4458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyungjin","family":"Rhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4998","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.51","article-title":"Expert consensus document: cholangiocarcinoma: current knowledge\n                        and future perspectives consensus statement from the European Network for\n                        the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma (ENS-CCA)","volume":"13","author":"Banales","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.03.010","article-title":"EASL-ILCA clinical practice guidelines on the management of\n                        intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"79","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0310-z","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: the next horizon in mechanisms and\n                        management","volume":"17","author":"Banales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr-23-1278","article-title":"Incidence trend and prognosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma:\n                        a study based on the SEER database","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Cancer Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W64","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.16.16923","article-title":"Cross-sectional imaging of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma:\n                        development, growth, spread, and prognosis","volume":"209","author":"Seo","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199909000-00004","article-title":"Intrahepatic peripheral cholangiocarcinoma: comparison of dynamic\n                        CT and dynamic MRI","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12112308","article-title":"Intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma: enhancement\n                        patterns on gadoxetic acid\u2013enhanced MR images","volume":"264","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.176.6.1761499","article-title":"MR imaging of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with pathologic\n                        correlation","volume":"176","author":"Maetani","year":"2001","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000000695","article-title":"Intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma: relationship\n                        between computed tomography characteristics and histological\n                        subtypes","volume":"42","author":"Nam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5898-9","article-title":"A proposal of imaging classification of intrahepatic mass-forming\n                        cholangiocarcinoma into ductal and parenchymal types: clinicopathologic\n                        significance","volume":"29","author":"Rhee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B11","volume-title":"WHO classification of tumours: digestive system tumours","author":"Bosman","year":"2019","edition":"5th ed"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.17998\/jlc.2023.12.11","article-title":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: histological diversity and the\n                        role of the pathologist","volume":"24","author":"Komuta","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Liver Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v2.i12.419","article-title":"Pathological classification of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma\n                        based on a new concept","volume":"2","author":"Nakanuma","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.154","article-title":"Pathogenesis and classification of intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma: different characters of perihilar large duct type versus\n                        peripheral small duct type","volume":"22","author":"Aishima","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32397","article-title":"Molecular and radiopathologic spectrum between HCC and\n                        intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"77","author":"Jeon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpb.2019.10.009","article-title":"Clinicopathological characteristics of intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma according to gross morphologic type: cholangiolocellular\n                        differentiation traits and inflammation- and\n                        proliferation-phenotypes","volume":"22","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"HPB"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v1.i1.35","article-title":"Multistep carcinogenesis of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma arising\n                        in the intrahepatic large bile ducts","volume":"1","author":"Nakanuma","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857140","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.857140","article-title":"Up-to-date pathologic classification and molecular\n                        characteristics of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Chung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s00795-024-00392-1","article-title":"Histopathological growth pattern and vessel co-option in\n                        intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Mol Morphol"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2024.14346","article-title":"Clinicopathological features of cholangiolocarcinoma and impact\n                        of tumor heterogeneity on prognosis: a single institution retrospective\n                        study","volume":"27","author":"Sugita","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000670","article-title":"Distinct clinicopathologic and genetic features of 2 histologic\n                        subtypes of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"40","author":"Hayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21388","article-title":"The eighth edition AJCC cancer staging manual: continuing to\n                        build a bridge from a population-based to a more\n                        \"personalized\" approach to cancer staging","volume":"67","author":"Amin","year":"2017","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.24720","article-title":"Evaluation of the 8th edition American Joint Commission on Cancer\n                        (AJCC) staging system for patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a\n                        surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) analysis","volume":"116","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.24569","article-title":"Comparative performances of the 7th and the 8th editions of the\n                        American Joint Committee on Cancer staging systems for intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"115","author":"Spolverato","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.543","article-title":"Prognostic comparison of the 7th and 8th editions of the American\n                        Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1774","article-title":"Clinical staging of mass\u2010forming intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma: computed tomography versus magnetic resonance\n                        imaging","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2012.12.005","article-title":"Recurrence after operative management of intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"153","author":"Hyder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/hpb.12333","article-title":"Model to predict survival after surgical resection of\n                        intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: the Mayo Clinic experience","volume":"17","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"HPB"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-015-2803-6","article-title":"Prognostic impact of tumor growth type on 7th AJCC staging system\n                        for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a single-center experience of 659\n                        cases","volume":"19","author":"Hwang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2016.05.019","article-title":"Recurrence patterns and disease-free survival after resection of\n                        intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: preoperative and postoperative prognostic\n                        models","volume":"223","author":"Doussot","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2013.5137","article-title":"Treatment and prognosis for patients with intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"149","author":"Mavros","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/hpb.12359","article-title":"Outcomes following resection of intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Tabrizian","year":"2015","journal-title":"HPB"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1159\/000453009","article-title":"Imaging of cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"32","author":"Olthof","year":"2016","journal-title":"Visc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2012.10.010","article-title":"Imaging features of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in\n                        Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI","volume":"82","author":"P\u00e9port\u00e9","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W217","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.18.19640","article-title":"Routine MRI with DWI sequences to detect liver metastases in\n                        patients with potentially resectable pancreatic ductal carcinoma and normal\n                        liver CT: a prospective multicenter study","volume":"211","author":"Marion-Audibert","year":"2018","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B36","first-page":"7674","article-title":"Histological classification of microvascular invasion to predict\n                        prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Shao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.25305","article-title":"Impact of microvascular invasion on clinical outcomes after\n                        curative-intent resection for intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"119","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26566","article-title":"Mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: can\n                        diffusion-weighted imaging predict microvascular invasion?","volume":"50","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-020-00318-x","article-title":"MRI features predict microvascular invasion in intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6846","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-021-07793-1","article-title":"Radiomics signature on dynamic contrast-enhanced MR images: a\n                        potential imaging biomarker for prediction of microvascular invasion in\n                        mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(02)00853-X","article-title":"Analysis of the relationships between clinicopathologic factors\n                        and survival time in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"183","author":"Kawarada","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2009.0017","article-title":"Nodal staging","volume":"9","author":"Ganeshalingam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-016-5382-1","article-title":"Vascularity of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma on computed\n                        tomography is predictive of lymph node metastasis","volume":"23","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2018.01.024","article-title":"A nomogram to predict lymph node metastasis before resection in\n                        intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"226","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-020-04720-5","article-title":"Predicting lymph node metastasis in intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Tsilimigras","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-022-10477-7","article-title":"A preoperative scoring system to predict lymph node metastasis in\n                        intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Rhee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"35","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000020932","article-title":"Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging and 18-fludeoxyglucose\n                        positron emission tomography\/computed tomography in the diagnostic accuracy\n                        of staging in patients with cholangiocarcinoma: a\n                        meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1159\/000521747","article-title":"Subtype classification of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma using\n                        liver MR imaging features and its prognostic value","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.52668\/kjar.2022.00150","article-title":"Review of mass-forming intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J Abdom Radiol"},{"key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.06.001","article-title":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: typical features, uncommon\n                        variants, and controversial related entities","volume":"132","author":"Zen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-019-02026-y","article-title":"The \"pruned tree\" appearance of primary sclerosing\n                        cholangitis","volume":"44","author":"Giambelluca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-018-1873-9","article-title":"Beaded bile ducts in primary sclerosing\n                        cholangitis","volume":"44","author":"Giambelluca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2011.12.3.269","article-title":"Liver flukes: the malady neglected","volume":"12","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.21917","article-title":"Mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with marked\n                        enhancement on arterial-phase computed tomography reflects favorable\n                        surgical outcomes","volume":"104","author":"Ariizumi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-012-9974-3","article-title":"Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: relationship between tumor\n                        imaging enhancement by measuring attenuation and clinicopathologic\n                        characteristics","volume":"38","author":"Nanashima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Abdom Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018181485","article-title":"Intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma: arterial\n                        enhancement patterns at MRI and prognosis","volume":"290","author":"Min","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-00702-9","article-title":"Prognostic impact of tumor microvessels in intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma: association with tumor-infiltrating\n                        lymphocytes","volume":"34","author":"Yugawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-019-04111-5","article-title":"Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages in intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocellular carcinoma. Impact on prognosis after complete\n                        surgery","volume":"23","author":"Vigano","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.17998\/jlc.21.1.12","article-title":"Update on pathologic and radiologic diagnosis of combined\n                        hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Rhee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Liver Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199908000-00006","article-title":"The significance of stromal desmoplasia in intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma: a special reference of 'scirrhous-type'\n                        and 'nonscirrhous-type' growth","volume":"23","author":"Kajiyama","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.203.1.9122423","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma: delayed CT contrast enhancement\n                        patterns","volume":"203","author":"Lacomis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199203000-00006","article-title":"Delayed enhancement of fibrotic areas in hepatic masses:\n                        CT\u2013pathologic correlation","volume":"16","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s002610000079","article-title":"Intrahepatic peripheral cholangiocarcinoma: CT\n                        evaluation","volume":"25","author":"Valls","year":"2000","journal-title":"Abdom Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2381041765","article-title":"Delayed-phase dynamic CT enhancement as a prognostic factor for\n                        mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"238","author":"Asayama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W603","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.10262","article-title":"Gadoxetate disodium\u2013enhanced MRI of mass-forming\n                        intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas: imaging-histologic\n                        correlation","volume":"201","author":"Jeong","year":"2013","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0b013e3182706562","article-title":"Typical and atypical imaging findings of intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma using gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine\n                        pentaacetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-019-02328-1","article-title":"The cloud sign of mass-forming intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"45","author":"Teo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3846-5","article-title":"Intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma: prognostic value of\n                        preoperative gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI","volume":"26","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15196","article-title":"Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging-based prognostic model\n                        for mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"42","author":"Rhee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-008-0180-z","article-title":"A proposed staging system for intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Nathan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e170117","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2017.0117","article-title":"Development and validation of a prognostic score for intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"152","author":"Raoof","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100839","article-title":"Translating imaging traits of mass-forming intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma into the clinic: from prognostic to therapeutic\n                        insights","volume":"5","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdq650","article-title":"A prognostic scoring system based on clinical features of\n                        intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: the Fudan score","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2023.111196","article-title":"Incremental value of volumetric multiparametric MRI over Fudan\n                        score for prognosis of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma treated\n                        with systemic chemotherapy","volume":"170","author":"Pandey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2021.08.009","article-title":"The role of lymphadenectomy in the surgical treatment of\n                        intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a review","volume":"48","author":"Sposito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.10.021","article-title":"Survival benefit of adequate lymphadenectomy in patients\n                        undergoing liver resection for clinically node-negative intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"78","author":"Sposito","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B77","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network [NCCN]\n                    \n                    Clinical practice guidelines in oncology [Internet]\n                    Plymouth Meeting (PA)\n                    NCCN\n                    c2024\n                    [cited 2024 Aug 27]\n                    Available from: https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/guidelines\/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1517"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1159\/000522403","article-title":"Liver cancer study group of Japan clinical practice guidelines\n                        for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Kubo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Liver Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-2574.2011.00340.x","article-title":"Lymphadenectomy in the staging and treatment of intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma: a population-based study using the National Cancer\n                        Institute SEER database","volume":"13","author":"Clark","year":"2011","journal-title":"HPB"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-017-3652-2","article-title":"Lymphadenectomy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: has nodal\n                        evaluation been increasingly adopted by surgeons over time? A national\n                        database analysis","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6725","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-020-09536-w","article-title":"Time to rethink upfront surgery for resectable intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma? Implications from the neoadjuvant\n                        experience","volume":"28","author":"Mason","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-020-09478-3","article-title":"Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a\n                        propensity score survival analysis supporting use in patients with high-risk\n                        disease","volume":"28","author":"Utuama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.17998\/jlc.2024.08.07","article-title":"New systemic treatment options for advanced\n                        cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Zanuso","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Liver Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30157-1","article-title":"Ivosidenib in IDH1-mutant, chemotherapy-refractory\n                        cholangiocarcinoma (ClarIDHy): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind,\n                        placebo-controlled, phase 3 study","volume":"21","author":"Abou-Alfa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2021.3836","article-title":"Final overall survival efficacy results of ivosidenib for\n                        patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma with IDH1 mutation: the phase 3\n                        randomized clinical ClarIDHy trial","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206834","article-title":"Futibatinib for FGFR2-rearranged intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"388","author":"Goyal","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30109-1","article-title":"Pemigatinib for previously treated, locally advanced or\n                        metastatic cholangiocarcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 2\n                        study","volume":"21","author":"Abou-Alfa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2022.05.519","article-title":"Pembrolizumab in microsatellite instability high or mismatch\n                        repair deficient cancers: updated analysis from the phase II KEYNOTE-158\n                        study","volume":"33","author":"Maio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"key2.0241212065459e+13_B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-4957-y","article-title":"Predicting IDH mutation status of intrahepatic\n                        cholangiocarcinomas based on contrast-enhanced CT features","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"}],"container-title":["The Ewha Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.e-emj.org\/download\/download_pdf?doi=10.12771\/emj.2024.e66","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.e-emj.org\/download\/download_pdf?doi=10.12771\/emj.2024.e66","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T02:09:19Z","timestamp":1741226959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/e-emj.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.12771\/emj.2024.e66"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.12771\/emj.2024.e66"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12771\/emj.2024.e66","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-2591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-2591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e66"}}